{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T02:05:49Z","timestamp":1784340349939,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two main types of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) have been described: type 1, linked to IgG4-related disease, and type 2, associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, a third type has been associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In our series, we report three cases of type 1 AIP following glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 agonist treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). GLP-1 agonists may be implicated in pancreatitis development mainly due to their effect on biliary motility and pancreatic cell proliferation. While causation remains unproven, it could be possible that GLP-1 induced pancreatic hypertrophy might influence cell metabolism and antigen presentation in predisposed individuals, altering the immunological milieu and eventually leading to type 1 AIP. Similarly, we hypothesise that GLP-1 agonists use in type 1 AIP patients may lead to pancreatitis recurrence. Accordingly, insulin-based therapeutic regimens may be preferred in type 2\u2009DM patients also affected by type 1 AIP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2025-267811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:00:25Z","timestamp":1758690025000},"page":"e267811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GLP-1 agonists-induced autoimmune pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Mahajne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, UnIRAR, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernestina","family":"Angarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 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