{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:37:20Z","timestamp":1786361840624,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a boy in mid-childhood with previously undiagnosed vertically acquired HIV who presented with progressive developmental regression, language impairment, gait disturbance and pyramidal signs. Investigations showed profound immunosuppression, high plasma and cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA levels, diffuse white matter abnormalities and marked cerebral atrophy, supporting a diagnosis of HIV-associated encephalopathy. Combination antiretroviral therapy was initiated promptly, together with intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation. During 18 months of follow-up, plasma HIV RNA became undetectable, immune function recovered and neurological, cognitive, language and functional outcomes improved. This case documents an uncommon paediatric neurodevelopmental manifestation of HIV and highlights the importance of considering HIV in children with unexplained developmental regression, as well as the contribution of sustained rehabilitation to recovery alongside virological control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2025-271677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:25:20Z","timestamp":1786361120000},"page":"e271677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental regression as the presenting feature of late-diagnosed vertically acquired HIV infection in a child: 18-month follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Pargny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Perrrin de Brichambaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatalogy, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milycene","family":"Deyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacine","family":"Zeggay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2843-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hortense","family":"Petat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.1","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France . Bulletin de sant\u00e9 publique vih-ist. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/infections-sexuellement-transmissibles\/vihsida\/bulletin-national\/bulletin-de-sante-publique-vih-ist-novembre-2023 [Accessed 17 Jun 2026]."},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.2","article-title":"Infectious Diseases among Refugee Children","volume":"6","author":"Shetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70164","article-title":"Late diagnosis of paediatric HIV infection in high-income countries: Lessons from the HIV Perinatal Virtual Clinic","volume":"27","author":"Curto","year":"2026","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03405-9","article-title":"Medical care for migrant children in Europe: a practical recommendation for first and follow-up appointments","volume":"178","author":"Schrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2024.08.004","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes Following Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"51","author":"Nichols","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.6","unstructured":"Pasquet F . 27. Developmental approach to assess and analyse language disorders: The battery CL\u00c9A. 2015.216\u201324."},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.7","unstructured":"Valdois S , Guinet E , Embs J-L . EVADYS: \u00e9valuation de l\u2019empan visuo-attentionnel en contexte dyslexique. 2017."},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8503-2"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-025-00760-1","article-title":"Associations between Neuroimaging Measures and Cognitive Performance in Children, Adolescents, and Youth Living With HIV-a Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Khobo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2006.10.006","article-title":"Neurologic and neurodevelopmental manifestations of pediatric HIV\/AIDS: A global perspective","volume":"11","author":"Van Rie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102602","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in children and adolescents living with perinatal HIV disease in the ART era: a meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Dahmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14639","article-title":"Recovery of HIV encephalopathy in perinatally infected children on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"62","author":"Innes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001694","article-title":"Late-Onset Hiv Encephalopathy In Children With Long-Standing Virologic Suppression Followed By Slow Spontaneous Recovery Despite no Change In Antiretroviral Therapy: 4 Case Reports","volume":"36","author":"Innes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026081004251014000_19.8.e271677.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003595","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Perinatally Acquired HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Horton","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2025-271677","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:25:23Z","timestamp":1786361123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2025-271677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2025-271677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2025-271677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}}}