{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T06:34:36Z","timestamp":1759991676492,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents has expanded significantly over the past few years, particularly for rheumatological diseases and Crohn disease. A number of associated opportunistic infections have been observed as a result of suppression of T-cell-mediated immunity, the most frequent being tuberculosis. This report describes a case of pulmonary actinomycosis in a 52-year-old patient receiving regular infusions of infliximab, an anti-TNF agent, for Crohn disease. He presented with a 12-day history of fever, night sweats and a non-productive cough on a background of a 9-year history of Crohn terminal ileitis. There was radiological evidence of a left upper lobe non-cavitatory pneumonia and bronchoscopic lavage fluid eventually grew<jats:italic>Actinomyces graevenitzii<\/jats:italic>. The patient was hospitalised and improved with antibiotic therapy. Within 4 weeks there was almost complete radiological resolution and infliximab was restarted after 4 months without further complication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.11.2008.1262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]],"date-time":"2009-05-11T07:12:31Z","timestamp":1242025951000},"page":"bcr1120081262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pulmonary actinomycosis complicating infliximab therapy for Crohn disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2009","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Flint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000219273.57933.48","article-title":"Actinomycoses and Nocardia pulmonary infections","volume":"12","author":"Yildiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.2","first-page":"149","article-title":"\u201cMiliary\u201d actinomycosis","volume":"31","author":"Fisher","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Radiologists"},{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.2.493"},{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.4.1109"},{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.6.1886"},{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071147"},{"key":"2025042507523439000_2009.may10_1.bcr1120081262.7","unstructured":"Russo T . Agents of actinomycosis. In: Mandell G Bennett J Dolin R , eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th edn. 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