{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:45:08Z","timestamp":1783701908067,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82000901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82000901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018634","name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303060202400362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303060202400362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018634","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate longitudinal choroid and ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and healthy populations across 2 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study included T2DM patients and healthy controls. T2DM patients were divided into mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) or non-DR (NDR) groups. Macular choroidal and GCIPL thickness was measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography at baseline and follow-up after 2 years. A linear-mixed effect model compared rates of change in choroidal and GCIPL thicknesses between the three groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>895 T2DM patients (770 in the NDR group and 125 in the NPDR group) and 847 healthy controls were included. Following 2 years, choroidal thinning occurred at a rate of \u22127.7\u00b19.2\u2009\u00b5m\/year, \u22128.1\u00b18.7\u2009\u00b5m\/year and \u22125.2\u00b18.1\u2009\u00b5m\/year in NDR, NPDR and control groups, respectively (p&lt;0.001). GCIPL loss occurred quickest in NPDR patients (\u22120.97\u00b10.97\u2009\u00b5m\/year), followed by NDR (\u22120.91\u00b10.89\u2009\u00b5m\/year) and the control group (\u22120.04\u00b10.55\u2009\u00b5m\/year) (p&lt;0.001). Following multivariate adjustment, choroidal thinning was \u22122.04\u2009\u00b5m\/year (95%\u2009CI: \u22124.05 to \u20130.03; p=0.047) and \u22121.95\u2009\u00b5m\/year (95%\u2009CI: \u22123.14 to \u20130.75; p=0.001) faster in NPDR and NDR groups than in the control group, respectively, and GCIPL thinning was \u22121.02\u2009\u00b5m\/year (95%\u2009CI: \u22121.19 to \u20130.84; p&lt;0.001) and \u22120.88\u2009\u00b5m\/year (95%\u2009CI: \u22120.98 to \u20130.78; p&lt;0.001) faster in the NPDR and NDR groups than in the control group, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Progressive choroidal and GCIPL thinning occurs in healthy individuals and T2DM patients; however, T2DM undergoes accelerated choroidal and GCIPL loss in NPDR patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  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