{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:33:27Z","timestamp":1780634007211,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007184","name":"Yale School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007184","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY005722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY005722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 EY025009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 EY025009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optic nerve development during the critical postnatal weeks of preterm infants is unclear. We aimed to investigate the change of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in preterm infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used an investigational handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to serially image awake preterm infants between 30 and 60 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) at the bedside. We assessed RNFL thickness in the papillomacular bundle and nasal macular ganglion cell layer+inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) thickness. We applied a segmented mixed model to analyse the change in the thickness of RNFL and GCL+IPL as a function of PMA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 631 OCT imaging sessions of 101 infants (201 eyes), RNFL thickness followed a biphasic model between 30 and 60 weeks, with an estimated transition at 37.8 weeks PMA (95% CI: 37.0 to 38.6). RNFL thickness increased at 1.8 \u03bcm\/week (95%\u2009CI: 1.6 to 2.1) before 37.8 weeks and decreased at \u22120.3 \u03bcm\/week (95%\u2009CI: \u22120.5 to \u22120.2) afterwards. GCL+IPL thickness followed a similar biphasic model, in which the thickness increased at 2.9 \u03bcm\/week (95%\u2009CI: 2.5 to 3.2) before 39.5 weeks PMA (95%\u2009CI: 38.8 to 40.1) and then decreased at \u22120.8 \u03bcm\/week (95%\u2009CI: \u22120.9 to \u22120.6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring RNFL and GCL+IPL thickness from OCT during the postnatal weeks of preterm infants. Thicknesses follow a biphasic model with a transition age at 37.8 and 39.5 weeks PMA, respectively. These findings may shed light on optic nerve development in preterm infants and assist future study designs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T17:20:28Z","timestamp":1663348828000},"page":"1680-1686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biphasic change in retinal nerve fibre layer thickness from 30 to 60 weeks postmenstrual age in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"107","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02887157","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00063063","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04995341","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangbo L.","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shwetha","family":"Mangalesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"McGeehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai R.","family":"Seely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeru","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Finkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina P.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du","family":"Tran-Viet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3615-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon F.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4365-9038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mays A.","family":"El-Dairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui-Shuang","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3448"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.06.003"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.2.143"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.5.447"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.6","article-title":"Applications of optical coherence tomography in pediatric clinical neuroscience","volume":"46","author":"Avery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12556"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.08.010","article-title":"Imaging the infant retina with a hand-held spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device","volume":"147","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04738-0","article-title":"Subclinical retinal versus brain findings in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"258","author":"Mangalesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.09.015","article-title":"Thinner retinal nerve fiber layer in very preterm versus term infants and relationship to brain anatomy and neurodevelopment","volume":"160","author":"Rothman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.11","article-title":"Associations between systemic health and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in preterm infants at 36 weeks postmenstrual age","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.057","article-title":"Optic nerve head development in healthy infants and children using handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"123","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.043","article-title":"Birth weight is a significant predictor of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness at 36 weeks postmenstrual age in preterm infants","volume":"222","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.06.025","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography normative peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and macular data in children 0-5 years of age","volume":"208","author":"Rotruck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.09.004","article-title":"Macular OCT characteristics at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age in infants examined for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"5","author":"Mangalesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2996"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.002623","article-title":"Ergonomic handheld OCT angiography probe optimized for pediatric and supine imaging","volume":"10","author":"Viehland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X13504721"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.19","unstructured":"Muggeo M . Segmented mixed models with random changepoints in R: working paper, 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/292629179"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2001.0077"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6365"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.22","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Ocular fundus morphology in preterm children. Influence of gestational age, birth size, perinatal morbidity, and postnatal growth","volume":"38","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90172-8"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopthalmol.2011.1846"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010655011"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.5.469"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.28","article-title":"Symmetry between the right and left eyes of the normal retinal nerve fiber layer measured with optical coherence tomography (an AOS thesis)","volume":"106","author":"Budenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12218","article-title":"Interocular symmetry of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in healthy eyes: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic study","volume":"97","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.09.015"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.07.021","article-title":"Retinal asymmetry in children measured with optical coherence tomography","volume":"156","author":"Altemir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304345"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e318287ac2f","article-title":"Symmetry of retinal parameters measured by spectral-domain OCT in normal young adults","volume":"24","author":"Dalgliesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_71_17","article-title":"Interocular symmetry of retinal nerve fiber layer and optic nerve head parameters measured by Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography in a normal pediatric population","volume":"65","author":"Pawar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023102002150964000_107.11.1680.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2015.1119857","article-title":"Asymmetry of retinal nerve fiber layer and posterior pole asymmetry analysis parameters of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in children","volume":"32","author":"Dave","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-321621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T09:21:53Z","timestamp":1697793713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-321621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2022-321621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-321621","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]}}}