{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:37:58Z","timestamp":1789663078540,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NF-SI-0617-10031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF-SI-0617-10031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002089","name":"Fight for Sight","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1525\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1525\/26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CS-2018-18-ST2-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS-2018-18-ST2-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background\/aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Addressing childhood visual disability is an international priority, with data on causes needed to plan, implement and evaluate public health and clinical care. We have examined the contribution of \u2018avoidable\u2019 blinding disorders to childhood visual impairment, severe visual impairment and blindness (VI\/SVIBL) in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\nNational prospective observational longitudinal study, the British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2 (BCVIS2), of children (aged 18 years or under) newly diagnosed with vision worse than 0.48 logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) or equivalent in both eyes. Proportions of children with an \u2018avoidable\u2019 disorder comprising either a\n<jats:italic>potentially preventable<\/jats:italic>\n(isolated disorders with an effective intervention which reduces disease incidence) or\n<jats:italic>treatable<\/jats:italic>\n(isolated eye or vision disorders for which there are routinely available effective interventions able to improve vision or halt progressive visual loss) are reported.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 784 children within BCVIS2, isolated potentially preventable disorders were present in only 17% (132\/784) and treatable disorders in an additional 13% (99\/784). The most common treatable causes were cataract, retinopathy of prematurity and glaucoma. Of the 132 children with potentially preventable disease, 64 had hypoxic\u2013ischaemic encephalopathy. Non-accidental injury accounted for almost two-thirds (11\/16, 69%) of those with VI\/SVIBL due to injury.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite significant progress in the past decades in high-income countries, there remains a need to be vigilant about implementing preventive strategies and treatments. Attention to disorders that are currently neither preventable nor treatable remains a priority in these settings and will become increasingly important in lower-income and middle-income countries undergoing economic transition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:20:21Z","timestamp":1665681621000},"page":"1787-1792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Avoidable childhood blindness in a high-income country: findings from the British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameenat Lola","family":"Solebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenefer","family":"Sargent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5718-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jugnoo S","family":"Rahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.2812","article-title":"Trends in visual health inequalities in childhood through associations of visual function with sex and social position across 3 UK birth cohorts","volume":"135","author":"Bountziouka","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.2","first-page":"959","article-title":"Visual function, social position, and health and life chances: the UK Biobank study","volume":"134","author":"Cumberland","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201002936"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30366-7","article-title":"Visual impairment, severe visual impairment, and blindness in children in Britain (BCVIS2): a national observational study","volume":"5","author":"Teoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline, 2020. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/331306"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.6","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Package of eye care interventions, 2022. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/rest\/bitstreams\/1423703\/retrieve"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0337","article-title":"Diseases, injuries, and risk factors in child and adolescent health, 1990 to 2017: findings from the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors 2017 study","volume":"173","author":"Reiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.9","unstructured":"Deloitte . Impact of low vision and blindness from paediatric eye disease, 2016. Available: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/au\/Documents\/Economics\/deloitte-au-economics-socioeconomic-impact-low-vision-blindness-paediatric-eye-disease-australia-150716.pdf [Accessed 26 Apr 2022]."},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.10","unstructured":"World Health Organization G . ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision, 2004."},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00016","article-title":"Understanding the full spectrum of organ injury following intrapartum asphyxia","volume":"5","author":"LaRosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.08.028"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1647529","article-title":"Maternal hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and risk of hypoxic-ischemia encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30317-1","article-title":"5-Year outcomes after primary intraocular lens implantation in children aged 2 years or younger with congenital or infantile cataract: findings from the IoLunder2 prospective inception cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Solebo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.206","article-title":"Intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy incidence and impairment at regional and global levels for 2010 with trends from 1990","volume":"74 Suppl 1","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310694"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04320-8","article-title":"New possibilities for neuroprotection in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"181","author":"Victor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17109"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003311.pub3"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children5070099","article-title":"Current and emerging therapies in the management of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320119"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313278"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318483"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1460","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00212-6","article-title":"Keeping an eye on eye care: monitoring progress towards effective coverage","volume":"9","author":"Keel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2024110109351148000_107.12.1787.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405730"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-321718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T17:02:30Z","timestamp":1730739750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-321718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2022-321718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-321718","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}}}