{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:22:01Z","timestamp":1781227321209,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004286","name":"Santen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qatar Fund for development","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Much existing data on childhood refractive error prevalence in India were gathered in local studies, many now dated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, severity and determinants of refractive errors among school-going children participating in a multistate vision screening programme across India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, vision screening was conducted in children aged 5\u201318 years at schools in five states using a pocket vision screener. Refractive error was measured using retinoscopy, and subjective refraction and was defined both by spherical equivalent (SE) and spherical ametropia, as myopia \u2264\u22120.5 diopters (D), hyperopia \u2265+1.0 D and\/or astigmatism as &gt;0.5 D. Data from the eye with less refractive error were used to determine prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 2\u2009240\u2009804 children (50.9% boys, mean age 11.5 years, SD \u00b13.3), the prevalence of SE myopia was 1.57% (95% CI 1.54% to 1.60%) at 5\u20139 years, 3.13% (95% CI 3.09% to 3.16%) at 10\u201314 years and 4.8% (95% CI 4.73% to 4.86%) at 15\u201318 years. Hyperopia prevalence was 0.59% (95% CI 0.57% to 0.61%), 0.54% (95% CI 0.53% to 0.56%) and 0.39% (95% CI 0.37% to 0.41%), respectively. When defined by spherical ametropia, these values for myopia were 0.84%, 2.50% and 4.24%, and those for hyperopia were 2.11%, 2.41% and 2.07%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia was associated with older age, female gender, private school attendance, urban location and state. The latter appeared to be driven by higher literacy rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refractive error, especially myopia, is common in India. Differences in prevalence between states appear to be driven by literacy rates, suggesting that the burden of myopia may rise as literacy increases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-322123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T13:20:17Z","timestamp":1670246417000},"page":"143-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Prevalence of refractive errors among school-going children in a multistate study in India"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meena","family":"CK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbis India Country office, ORBIS International, Gurugram, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M","family":"Suttle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Visual Science, City University London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9866-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Orbis International, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheeladevi","family":"Sethu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbis India Country office, ORBIS International, Gurugram, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudlavalleti VS","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011304301024000_108.1.143.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/02646196080260020101","article-title":"Social inclusion: meeting the socio-emotional needs of children with vision needs","volume":"26","author":"Roe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Vis Impair"},{"key":"2026011304301024000_108.1.143.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to vision 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026011304301024000_108.1.143.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000796"},{"key":"2026011304301024000_108.1.143.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12689","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in children in India: a systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Sheeladevi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"2026011304301024000_108.1.143.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1144-7","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents with strabismus - 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