{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:10:25Z","timestamp":1788491425851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005188","name":"Tobacco Related Disease Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T31IP1511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T31IP1511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["P30EY022589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY022589"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY011008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY011008"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY018926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY018926"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY019869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY019869"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY026574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026574"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY027510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY027510"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY029058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029058"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the long-term variability of macular optical coherence tomography (OCT)\/OCT angiography (OCTA) and visual field (VF) parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy and glaucoma eyes with \u22651-year follow-up were included. 24\u20132 VF and macular OCT\/OCTA parameters, including VF mean deviation (MD), whole-image vessel density (wiVD) and ganglion cell complex thickness (wiGCC) were analysed. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean squared error (RMSE), within-subject test\u2013retest SD (Sw) and test\u2013retest variability were calculated for stable eye cohort (max follow-up=1.5 years). Rates of change and RMSE were evaluated in the extended cohort including all eyes (unlimited follow-up).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a total of 230 eyes (150 participants; age=67.7 years), 86 eyes (37%, 62 participants) were stable. In stable eyes, OCT parameters showed the highest mean (95%) ICC (wiGCC=0.99 (0.99, 0.99)), followed by VF (VF MD=0.91 (0.88, 0.93)) and OCTA (wiVD=0.82 (0.75, 0.87)). RMSE and Sw for VF MD were 0.92\u2009dB and 0.81\u2009dB, respectively, for wiVD were 1.64% and 1.48%, respectively, and for wiGCC, 0.91\u2009\u00b5m and 0.78\u2009\u00b5m, respectively. The long-term test\u2013rest variability of VF MD, wiVD and wiGCC was 2.2\u2009dB, 4.1% and 2.2\u2009\u00b5m, respectively. In the extended cohort (mean follow-up=3.0 years), all parameters had significant rates of change (p&lt;0.001), and compared with the stable cohort, only slightly higher RMSE (VF MD=1.07\u2009dB; wiGCC=2.03\u2009\u00b5m; wiVD=2.57%) were found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>VF and macular OCT\/OCTA, particularly OCT parameters, showed small long-term variability in all eyes, including stable ones, supporting the use of these instruments in glaucoma follow-up. Changes in macular VD and GCC greater than 4%\u20135%\u2009and 2\u2009\u00b5m, respectively, indicate possible progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT00221897\">NCT00221897<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-322470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T18:20:16Z","timestamp":1672424416000},"page":"211-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of the long-term variability of macular OCT\/OCTA and visual field parameters"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"108","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00221897","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9435-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo-Hsuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasan","family":"Moghimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8312-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Kamalipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golnoush","family":"Mahmoudinezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M","family":"Zangwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9553-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert N","family":"Weinreb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21899"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.07.011"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.046","article-title":"Detection of progression with 10-2 standard automated perimetry: development and validation of an event-based algorithm","volume":"216","author":"De Moraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.015","article-title":"Visual field progression in glaucoma: what is the specificity of the guided progression analysis?","volume":"121","author":"Artes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.10.034","article-title":"Comparison of short- and long-term variability in standard perimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in glaucoma","volume":"210","author":"Urata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.4.5","article-title":"Local variability of macular thickness measurements with SD-OCT and influencing factors","volume":"5","author":"Miraftabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16350"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000768","article-title":"Reproducibility of optical coherence tomography angiography macular and optic nerve head vascular density in glaucoma and healthy eyes","volume":"26","author":"Manalastas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0976-y","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of the macula and optic nerve head: microvascular density and test-retest repeatability in normal subjects","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310637"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320034"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.187"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.49"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16350"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vet HC , Terwee CB , Mokkink LB . Measurement in medicine: a practical guide. Cambridge university press, 2011.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511996214"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-8-26"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-017-0068-9"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21460"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.015"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000410","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and ganglion cell complex progression rates in healthy, ocular hypertensive, and glaucoma eyes with the avanti RTVue-XR optical coherence tomograph based on 5-year follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Holl\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.22","article-title":"Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of age effects on retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness by fourier-domain OCT","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303877"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702206"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90006-8"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.021","article-title":"Predictors of long-term visual field fluctuation in glaucoma patients","volume":"127","author":"Rabiolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.03.003","article-title":"Measurement floors and dynamic ranges of OCT and OCT angiography in glaucoma","volume":"126","author":"Moghimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4189"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_521_19","article-title":"Age-related changes in macular vessels and their perfusion densities on optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"68","author":"Pujari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4971","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of artifacts in optical coherence tomographic angiograms","volume":"138","author":"Holmen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24303","article-title":"Differences in the relation between perimetric sensitivity and variability between locations across the visual field","volume":"59","author":"Gardiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.6836","article-title":"Detection of glaucoma progression in individuals of African descent compared with those of European descent","volume":"136","author":"Gracitelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001447","article-title":"Diagnostic ability of optical coherence tomography angiography macula vessel density for the diagnosis of glaucoma using difference scan sizes","volume":"29","author":"Penteado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2024012903300906000_108.2.211.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318677"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-322470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T11:31:41Z","timestamp":1706527901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-322470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2022-322470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-322470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}