{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:31:40Z","timestamp":1793039500591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2401404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2401404"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82020108007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82020108007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine the prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents aged 6\u201316 years during COVID-19 pandemic in Tianjin, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Tianjin Child and Adolescent Research of Eye between March and June in 2021. A total of 909\u2009835 children and adolescents aged 6\u201316 years from 1348 primary and secondary schools in Tianjin, China were recruited. Prevalence of myopia with 95% CIs was described in different regions, sexes and ages. The regions-standardised prevalence rate and chain growth rate of myopia in different ages were described the characteristics of myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 864\u2009828 participants (95.05% participation rate) were included in the analysis. The age range was 6\u201316 with a mean age of 11.50\u00b12.79 years. The overall prevalence of myopia was 54.71% (95% CI 54.60% to 54.81%). The prevalence of myopia was 57.58% (95% CI 57.43% to 57.73%) for girls and 52.05% (95% CI 51.91% to 52.20%) for boys. Students living in the six central districts had the highest prevalence of moderate myopia (19.09% (95% CI 19.01% to 19.17%)) and high myopia (5.43% (95% CI 5.39% to 5.48%)). The regions-standardised prevalence of myopia was increased by age and the highest chain growth rate of myopia was up to 47.99% at 8 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of myopia in Tianjin is high during COVID-19 pandemic. The progression of myopia started to increase dramatically at 8 years, and the increasing slowed down at 14 years. For policy-makers, intervention in the lower age groups may be important to control myopia progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T13:26:22Z","timestamp":1688649982000},"page":"879-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents aged 6\u201316 during COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7958-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongtong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangda","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chea-Su","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.861044","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in young adults: review of findings from the Raine study","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001344","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors in schoolchildren in North India","volume":"96","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.4","unstructured":"National Health Commission, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance . National survey on myopia among children Andadolescents. 2018. Available: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/ s7847\/201904\/e9117ea8b6b84f48962e84401d305292.shtml"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924566","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.924566","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia: A large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in Weifang, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30520-1"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04728-2","article-title":"May home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak worsen the global burden of myopia","volume":"258","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1443_20","article-title":"Will COVID-19 pandemic-associated Lockdown increase myopia in Indian children","volume":"68","author":"Sumitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","article-title":"Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.12","unstructured":"National Health Commission . Appropriate technical guidelines for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents. Available: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/jkj\/ s5898bm\/201910\/c475e0bd2de444379402f157523f03fe.shtml [Accessed 15 Oct 2019]."},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.13","unstructured":"National health Commission. In 2020, the rate of overall myopia among children and adolescents in China was 52.7%, and the problem of myopia at a younger age is still Prominen. Available: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2021-07\/13\/content_5624709.htm [Accessed 13 Jul 2021]."},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.14","unstructured":"National Health Commission, Ministry of Education . Rate of myopia among primary and secondary school students increased by 11.7% in six months. Available: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2020-08\/27\/content_5537954.htm [Accessed 27 Aug 2020]."},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.035"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134514","article-title":"Near work related parameters and myopia in Chinese children: the Anyang childhood eye study","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.001","article-title":"COVID-19 quarantine reveals that behavioral changes have an effect on myopia progression","volume":"128","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2022","article-title":"Education and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by Mendelian Randomisation","volume":"361","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.9545","article-title":"Association of school education with eyesight among children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01400-w","article-title":"School-based epidemiology study of myopia in Tianjin, China","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000499"},{"key":"2024052109250909000_108.6.879.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05305-x","article-title":"Progression of myopia in a natural cohort of Chinese children during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"259","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-323688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T12:28:59Z","timestamp":1716294539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-323688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2023-323688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-323688","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]}}}