{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:36:18Z","timestamp":1793118978646,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project","award":["TJYXZDXK-037A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJYXZDXK-037A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the effects of repeated low-level red light (RLRL) treatment on axial length growth and refractive error changes in myopic and premyopic children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects were assigned randomly to four subgroups: myopia-RLRL group (M-RL), myopia-control group (M-C), premyopia-RLRL group (PM-RL) and premyopia-control group (PM-C). Subjects in the RLRL group completed a 12-month treatment composed of a 3\u2009min RLRL treatment session twice daily, with an interval of at least 4\u2009hours, for 7\u2009days per week. Visits were scheduled before and at 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month follow-up after the treatment. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the spherical equivalent refractive errors (SE) and axial length (AL) changes between the groups across the treatment period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After 12 months of treatment, in the myopia group, SE and AL changes were \u22120.078\u00b10.375 D and 0.033\u00b10.123\u2009mm for M-RL and \u22120.861\u00b10.556 D and 0.415\u00b10.171\u2009mm for M-C; in the premyopia group, the progression of SE and AL was \u22120.181\u00b10.417 D and 0.145\u00b10.175\u2009mm for PM-RL and \u22120.521\u00b10.436 D and 0.292\u00b10.128\u2009mm for PM-C. PM-RL indicated a lower myopia incidence than PM-C (2.5% vs 19.4%). Additionally, the percentage of AL shortening in the M-RL was higher than that in the PM-RL before the 9-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RLRL effectively delayed myopia progression in children with myopia and reduced the incidence of myopia in premyopic children. Moreover, RLRL exhibited a stronger impact on myopic children compared with premyopic individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-324260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T13:20:31Z","timestamp":1713360031000},"page":"1299-1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Effectiveness of repeated low-level red light in myopia prevention and myopia control"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9669-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guihua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4189-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.104034"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.010"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0144","article-title":"A review of myopia control with atropine","volume":"34","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1050743","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and acceptability of orthokeratology on slowing axial elongation in myopic children by meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001976","article-title":"One-year efficacy of the defocus incorporated multiple segment lens in Chinese myopic children","volume":"100","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.023"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05794-4","article-title":"Low-intensity red-light therapy in slowing myopic progression and the rebound effect after its cessation in Chinese children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"261","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.008"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13403"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101451","article-title":"Flitcroft\u2019s model of refractive development in childhood and the possible identification of children at risk of developing significant myopia","volume":"45","author":"Charman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162","article-title":"Effect of low-concentration atropine eyedrops vs placebo on myopia incidence in children: the lamp2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Yam","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04921-5","article-title":"Prevention of myopia shift and myopia onset using 0.01% atropine in premyopic children - a prospective, randomized, double-masked, and crossover trial","volume":"182","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20894","article-title":"Time outdoors at specific ages during early childhood and the risk of incident myopia","volume":"58","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.1"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10079-1","article-title":"Efficacy of 0.01% low dose atropine and its correlation with various factors in myopia control in the Indian population","volume":"12","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001378","article-title":"Bifocal & atropine in myopia study: baseline data and methods","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107850","article-title":"Daily axial length and choroidal thickness variations in young adults: associations with light exposure and longitudinal axial length and choroid changes","volume":"189","author":"Ulaganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.10.33","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of repeated low-level red light and low-dose atropine for myopia control: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318256"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9612","article-title":"Effect of repeated low-level red light on myopia prevention among children in China with premyopia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.036","article-title":"Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy for slowing the progression of childhood myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1091","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse effects of atropine in childhood myopia: a meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2009.0135","article-title":"Prevention of myopia onset with 0.025% atropine in premyopic children","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309299"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.12133","article-title":"Risk factors of myopic shift among primary school children in Beijing, China: a prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.016","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 8 atropine concentrations for myopia control in children: a network meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.002","article-title":"Longitudinal changes and predictive value of choroidal thickness for myopia control following repeated low-level red-light therapy","volume":"130","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.06.008","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and ocular growth in childhood","volume":"66","author":"Prousali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song A , Hou X , Zhuo J , et al . Peripapillary choroidal thickness in eyes with high myopia. J Int Med Res 2020;48. doi:10.1177\/0300060520917273","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520917273"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1548","article-title":"Retinal damage after repeated low-level red-light laser exposure","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01655-2","article-title":"The effect of home education on myopia progression in children during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"36","author":"Aslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.39","first-page":"14","article-title":"Assessment of satisfaction, compliance and side effects among long-term orthokeratology wearers","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2024082203451036000_108.9.1299.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000721","article-title":"Corneal elevation, power, and astigmatism to assess toric orthokeratology lenses in moderate-to-high astigmats","volume":"47","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-324260","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T06:55:45Z","timestamp":1724309745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-324260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2023-324260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-324260","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}