{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:38:33Z","timestamp":1787168313808,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report distinctive clinical and imaging features of iris freckles to differentiate them from iris nevi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>53 patients (277 freckles) with incidental iris freckles and 102 patients (104 nevi) with iris nevi that are either clinically stable or pathologically confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient data were collected from the Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute database (2012\u20132023). Lesion characteristics were recorded from slit-lamp examination descriptions and review of colour photographs. Ancillary imaging features observed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) were assessed in patients (where available).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison of clinical and imaging features of iris freckles and iris nevi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 277 iris freckles and 104 iris nevi were analysed. Iris freckles were more frequently bilateral (17%; nevi 0%) and multiple (69%; nevi 2%) and located centrally (89%; nevi 17%) compared with iris nevi (p&lt;0.001). The median freckle largest basal diameter and thickness were 0.8\u2009mm (nevi; 2.1\u2009mm, p&lt;0.001) and 0.04\u2009mm (nevi 1.0\u2009mm, p&lt;0.001), respectively. All iris freckles had irregular margins without any secondary effects compared with iris nevi. Iris freckles appeared flat without effacement of iris folds compared with iris nevi on AS-OCT (p&lt;0.001). Iris freckles were not detectable by UBM. Heat map revealed that freckles demonstrated several features with uniform or near uniform values, whereas nevi demonstrated more variability in values across features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iris freckles exhibit specific clinical and imaging features reflective of their characteristic histological composition that support their classification as a distinct entity within the spectrum of iris pigmented lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-325009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T13:20:24Z","timestamp":1716816024000},"page":"1749-1754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Iris freckle: a distinct entity"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u011fmur Seda","family":"Ye\u015filta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millennia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C","family":"Zabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zackery","family":"Oakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hoag Memorial Presbyterian Hospital, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakul","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Medicine Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahad","family":"Sedaghat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Yeaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9411-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun D","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Pigment freckles of the Iris (benign melanomas): their significance in relation to malignant melanoma of the Uvea","volume":"41","author":"Reese","year":"1943","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.88.1.36"},{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BIO174","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21751","article-title":"Iris freckles a potential biomarker for chronic sun damage","volume":"58","author":"Schwab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.4","first-page":"581","article-title":"Iris Pigmentation and pigmented lesions: an ultrastructural study","volume":"86","author":"Eagle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.228","article-title":"Don't it make my blue eyes brown: heterochromia and other abnormalities of the Iris","volume":"26","author":"Rennie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.19.1476"},{"key":"2025071603351110000_108.12.1749.7","unstructured":"Green WR . 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