{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:55:55Z","timestamp":1792425355688,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014538","name":"LPDP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0004535\/MED\/D\/19\/lpdp2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0004535\/MED\/D\/19\/lpdp2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the risk of uveitis relapse in ocular tuberculosis (OTB) following clinical inactivity, to analyse clinical factors associated with relapses and to describe the management strategies for relapses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted on a 10-year patient registry of patients with OTB diagnosed at Erasmus MC in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Time-to-relapse of uveitis was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curve and risk factors for relapses were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>93 OTB cases were identified, of which 75 patients achieved clinical inactivity following treatment. The median time to achieve uveitis inactivity was 3.97 months. During a median follow-up of 20.7 months (Q1\u2013Q3: 5.2\u201381.2) after clinical inactivity, uveitis relapse occurred in 25 of these 75 patients (33.3%). Patients who were considered poor treatment responders for their initial uveitis episode had a significantly higher risk of relapse after achieving clinical inactivity than good responders (adjusted HR=3.84, 95% CI: 1.28 to 11.51). 13 of the 25 relapsed patients experienced multiple uveitis relapse episodes, accounting for 78 eye-relapse episodes during the entire observation period. Over half (46 out of 78, 59.0%) of these episodes were anterior uveitis. A significant number of uveitis relapse episodes (31 episodes, 39.7%) were effectively managed with topical corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results suggest that approximately one-third of patients with OTB will experience relapse after achieving clinical inactivity. The initial disease course and poor response to treatment predict the likelihood of relapse in the long-term follow-up. Topical corticosteroids were particularly effective in relapse presenting as anterior uveitis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T13:20:21Z","timestamp":1712928021000},"page":"1642-1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relapse in ocular tuberculosis: relapse rate, risk factors and clinical management in a non-endemic country"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikhwanuliman","family":"Putera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josianne C. E. M.","family":"ten Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4911-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberta A. H. J.","family":"Thiadens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem A.","family":"Dik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Martin","family":"van Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rina","family":"La Distia Nora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"},{"name":"Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia M.","family":"Rombach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071603351120000_108.12.1642.1","unstructured":"World health Organization (WHO). 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