{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:27:42Z","timestamp":1790353662903,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report an epidemiological update of bacterial keratitis (BK) in a tertiary ophthalmology centre over 20 months compared with a previous study on the same timeframe from 1998 to 1999.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>354 patients with BK documented by microbiological corneal scraping or resolutive under antibiotics treatment from January 2020 to September 2021 were analysed retrospectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One or several risk factors were found in 95.2% of patients: contact lens wear (45.2%), ocular surface disease (25.0%), systemic disease (21.8%), ocular trauma (11.9%) and ocular surgery (8.8%). The positivity rate of corneal scrapings was 82.5%, with 18.2% polybacterial. One hundred seventy-five (59.9%) bacteria were Gram-negative, and 117 (40.1%) were Gram-positive. The most common bacteria were<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>(32.5%),<jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>spp (18.1%) and<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(8.2%). Final visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) was associated with age (r=+0.48; p=0.0001), infiltrate size (r=+0.32; p&lt;0.0001), ocular surface disease (r=+0.13; p=0.03), ocular trauma (r=-0.14; p=0.02) and contact lens wear (r=\u22120.26; p&lt;0.0001). Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for deeper (r=+0.18; p=0.004) and more extensive infiltrates (r=+0.18; p=0.004) in younger patients (r=\u22120.19; p=0.003). Compared with the previous period, the positivity rate of corneal scrapings and the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria, especially<jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>spp, increased. All<jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>spp were sensitive to quinolones, and all<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>were sensitive to both quinolones and methicillin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contact lens wear remained the leading risk factor. The bacteria distribution was reversed, with a predominance of Gram-negative bacteria and increased<jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>spp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T17:28:53Z","timestamp":1719422933000},"page":"15-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Predisposing factors, clinical and microbiological insights of bacterial keratitis: analysis of 354 cases from a leading French academic centre"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Bertret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9229-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette","family":"Knoeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loic","family":"Leveziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Bourcier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Brignole-Baudouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Merabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nacim","family":"Bouheraoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent Michel","family":"Borderie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.12.003"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-011-9441-0","article-title":"Microbial keratitis at a referral center in Brazil","volume":"31","author":"Cariello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001390","article-title":"Bacterial keratitis in Toronto: a 16-year review of the microorganisms isolated and the resistance patterns observed","volume":"36","author":"Tam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316128"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312881"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S206831","article-title":"Nine-year analysis of isolated pathogens and antibiotic susceptibilities of microbial keratitis from a large referral eye center in Southern China","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31825694d3"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91231-I"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000734","article-title":"Shifting trends in bacterial Keratitis in Taiwan: a 10-year review in a tertiary-care hospital","volume":"35","author":"Hsiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000883"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.8.777"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01339-3"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0155","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic resistance among ocular microorganisms in the United States from 2009 to 2018","volume":"138","author":"Asbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308487"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.7.834"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06003-6","article-title":"Practice patterns in the management of bacterial keratitis: a five-continent survey","volume":"261","author":"Wespiser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.55","article-title":"Twelve-year analysis of microbial keratitis trends at a UK tertiary hospital","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0085-4","article-title":"A 10-year analysis of microbiological profiles of microbial keratitis: the North East England study","volume":"32","author":"Ting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001749","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of moraxella keratitis","volume":"37","author":"Zafar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03985-7","article-title":"Moraxella keratitis: epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Hoarau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.01.004","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the usefulness of amniotic membrane transplantation in bacterial keratitis healing","volume":"15","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.22","first-page":"125","article-title":"Contact lens-related microbial keratitis: part I: epidemiology","volume":"16","author":"Liesegang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.15280"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108647"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04681-0","article-title":"Microbial keratitis in Sydney, Australia: risk factors, patient outcomes, and seasonal variation","volume":"258","author":"Khoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182a3024e","article-title":"Polymicrobial versus monomicrobial keratitis: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"39","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.27","first-page":"153","article-title":"Polymicrobial keratitis","volume":"79","author":"Jones","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003179","article-title":"Bacterial keratitis: clinical features, causative organisms, and outcome during a 13-year study period","volume":"42","author":"Almulhim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.09.021"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3192-3197.2003"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.151167"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.715118","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical outcomes, and prognostic factors of bacterial keratitis: the Nottingham infectious keratitis study","volume":"8","author":"Ting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90250-6"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.1718","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone treatment and susceptibility of isolates from bacterial keratitis","volume":"131","author":"Ray","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000431"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.11.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of bacterial corneal ulcers at tertiary centres in Vancouver, B.C","volume":"53","author":"Termote","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181ca2ba3"},{"key":"2025040105501085000_109.1.15.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1033_22","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial isolates from ocular infections: trend in antibiotic susceptibility patterns between 2005-2020","volume":"70","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2024-325261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T21:01:38Z","timestamp":1743541298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2024-325261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2024-325261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2024-325261","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}