{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:34:19Z","timestamp":1790346859830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"name":"National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To obtain national-level data on current burden of blindness and visual impairment (VI) due to corneal opacities (CO) and their epidemiological determinants in India.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional, population-based survey was conducted in 31 districts for population aged \u226550 years using Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) V.6 methodology and 6 districts for population aged 0\u201349 years. Using standardised definitions, prevalence (95% CIs) and burden for 2023 were estimated at International Classification of Diseases-11 thresholds of mild\/early VI (EVI) and moderate to severe VI (MSVI) and blindness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>85\u2009135 participants aged \u226550\u2009years and 13\u2009695 participants between 0 and 49 years were examined. Prevalence of avoidable blindness due to CO was 17.1 per 10\u2009000 (13.4 to 21.9) and 3.39 per 10\u2009000 (1.16 to 9.92) in populations aged \u226550\u2009years and 0\u201349 years, respectively. 32% (n=49) in \u226550-year group did not have perception of light in CO-affected eye. Prevalence of cumulative avoidable MSVI or blindness due to CO was 26.9\/10 000 (20.7 to 35.0) and 8.32\/10 000 (2.81 to 24.62) in populations aged \u226550\u2009years and 0\u201349 years, respectively, while cumulative avoidable EVI, MSVI or blindness due to CO were 30.1\/10 000 (23.8 to 38.1) and 8.3\/10 000 (2.81 to 24.62), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Higher prevalence of avoidable MSVI or blindness due to CO were associated with increasing age, lower educational status; lower prevalence was noted in northeast geographical zone. Rural\u2013urban and gender-based differences were not statistically and clinically significant respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a high burden of CO-related blindness and VI in India, especially in older populations. Key epidemiological risks may be used for prioritisation in eye health plans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T13:20:12Z","timestamp":1738243212000},"page":"829-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Burden of blindness and visual impairment associated with corneal opacities in India"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-3705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Vashist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9883-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukumara","family":"Sarath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8022-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noopur","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj Singh","family":"Senjam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palllavi","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindiganavale Ramaswamy","family":"Shamanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vemparala","family":"Rajshekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Wadhwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Geeta, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Promila","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6631-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeewan S","family":"Titiyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071523150923000_109.7.829.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.03.012"},{"key":"2025071523150923000_109.7.829.2","unstructured":"World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. 2023. 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