{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T11:20:47Z","timestamp":1774005647900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine an association of cigarette smoking on retinal layer thickness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 included 3468 individuals aged 50+ years. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula. Using a multiple-surface OCT segmentation algorithm, the retina was segmented into nine layers. Information about cigarette smoking was assessed in an interview with a standardised questionnaire. The exclusion criterion was the presence of any retinal or optic nerve disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 2173 participants (mean age: 61.7\u00b18.4 years; mean axial length: 23.1\u00b10.8\u2009mm) with 660 (30.4%) participants with a smoking history and 1513 (69.6%) non-smokers. Mean duration of the smoking period was 8.7\u00b114.9 years, and mean smoking quantity was 9.5\u00b118.2 pack-years. In multivariable analysis, higher prevalence of smoking was associated with thinner whole retina (p=0.024; B=\u22121.64; 95% CIs \u22123.07 to \u20130.22), thinner ganglion cell layer (GCL) (p=.044; B=\u22120.39; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.78 to \u20130.01) and thinner photoreceptor outer segment layer (POS) (p=0.024; B=\u22120.38; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.72 to \u20130.05) with adjustments of age, gender, axial length, education level and hypertension. Similar results were obtained if the retinal thickness measurements were obtained in the various macular subfields. A longer period of smoking was related to thinner whole retina (p=0.009; B=\u22120.06; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.10 to \u20130.01), thinner retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) (p=0.011; B=\u22120.01; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.02 to \u20130.002), thinner GCL (p=0.006; B=\u22120.02; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.03 to \u20130.01) and thinner POS (p=0.025; B=\u22120.01; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.02 to \u20130.001) with adjustments of age, gender, axial length, education level and hypertension. Higher smoking pack-years were significantly associated with thinner GCL (p=0.022; B=\u22120.01; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.02 to \u20130.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking was related to thinner GCL and POS in this population-based investigation, pointing towards and agreeing with an association between smoking and optic nerve damage or age-related macular degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-326789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:00:13Z","timestamp":1761120013000},"page":"446-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cigarette smoking and retinal ganglion cell layer and photoreceptor outer segment thickness: The Beijing Eye 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