{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:25:16Z","timestamp":1787635516133,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["09202466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09202466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["10210246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10210246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11220206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11220206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014219","name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82425017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82425017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CUHK Jockey Club Myopia Prevention Programme","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["14102422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14102422"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010428","name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7010590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7010590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["C7149-20G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7149-20G"]}]},{"name":"UBS Optimus Foundation Grant","award":["8984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8984"]}]},{"name":"Centaline Myopia Fund","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"CUHK Jockey Club Children\u2019s Eye Care Programme","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL\/JF\/rc\/SIEF2223\/0759\/23vw"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL\/JF\/rc\/SIEF2223\/0759\/23vw"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WW\/SC\/rc\/SIEF2324\/0366\/24vw"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WW\/SC\/rc\/SIEF2324\/0366\/24vw"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the associations between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (\u03c9-3 PUFAs) and other dietary factors with myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1005 Chinese children, aged from 6 to 8 years, from a population-based Hong Kong Children Eye Study, were included in the analysis. Diet was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) refraction was assessed with an autorefractometer, and axial length (AL) by an IOL Master.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AL was longest in the lowest quartile group of \u03c9-3 PUFAs intake, compared with the highest (adjusted mean (95% CI), 23.29 (23.17 to 23.40)\u2009mm vs 23.08 (22.96 to 23.19)\u2009mm, p=0.01; p-trend=0.02) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, near-work time, outdoor time, and parental myopia history. The corresponding trends were observed in SE (\u22120.13 (\u22120.32 to 0.07) D in the lowest and 0.23 (0.03 to 0.42) D in the highest quartile groups, p=0.01; p-trend=0.01). In contrast, AL was longest in the highest quartile group of saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake, compared with the lowest (23.30 (23.17 to 23.42)\u2009mm vs 23.13 (23.01 to 23.24)\u2009mm, p=0.05; p-trend=0.04). The corresponding trends were observed in SE (\u22120.12 (\u22120.33 to 0.09) D in the highest and 0.13 (-0.04 to 0.31) D in the lowest quartile group, p=0.06; p-trend=0.04). A lower intake of \u03c9-3 PUFAs was associated with myopia (p-trend=0.006). None of the other nutrients were associated with SE or AL or myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intake of \u03c9-3 PUFAs is a protective factor against myopia, while higher SFA intake is a risk factor. Our findings indicated a possible effect of diet on myopia, of which \u03c9-3 PUFAs intake may play a protective role against myopia development in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-326872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:11Z","timestamp":1755648011000},"page":"101-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a protective factor of myopia: the Hong Kong Children Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4197-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiu Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3920-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang Yao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of 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