{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:04:59Z","timestamp":1777953899075,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novartis Pharma AG","award":["Not applicable. The work was funded by Novartis, b"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable. The work was funded by Novartis, b"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The standard of care for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is repeated intravitreal injection with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Real world evidence suggests that some patients are undertreated, which might be linked with the retreatment decisions made by physicians. Therefore, this multicentre observational study aimed to investigate the extent to which enrichment of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with segmentation information could influence and support disease activity assessment (DAA) in patients treated for nAMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive statistics were tabulated for the demographic and clinical characteristics and outcome variables. To assess the influence of automated OCT image enrichment with segmentation information on DAA, a generalised linear mixed model was employed. The degree of agreement in classification of disease activity across reviewers was assessed by Krippendorff\u2019s alpha.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The odds estimate for DAA regarding enriched OCT images was 0.759 and for non-enriched OCT images 0.772. The OR for enriched versus non-enriched OCT images was 1.078 with a p value of 0.229. No difference in the odds of DAA between automated OCT image enrichment with segmentation and DAA was noted. Krippendorff\u2019s alpha coefficient was 0.416 for enriched and 0.402 for non-enriched OCT images. Thus, the inter-reviewer reliability\/agreement was similarly low between enriched and non-enriched OCT images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OCT image enrichment did not appear to impact the likelihood of adequately detecting disease activity, nor did it have an impact on agreement between reviewers of images in this study. No new safety signals in products involved in the study were detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04662944\">NCT04662944<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-327060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:20:17Z","timestamp":1777915217000},"page":"bjo-2024-327060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of AI-enhanced three-dimensional OCT scans on disease activity assessment in patients with nAMD: the RAZORBILL study"],"prefix":"10.1136","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04662944","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04662944","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Karsten U","family":"Kortuem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Hospital Ulm, Germany and Augenarztpraxis Dres. Kort\u00fcm, Ludwigsburg, Germany, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Zarranz-Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bandello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita Salute Hospital San Raffaele, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bon Secours Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-4295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"De Zanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ikerian AG, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph P M","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Ikerian AG, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Seaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Parmaceuticals, Mansfield, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Zvolanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Pharma GmbH, N\u00fcrnberg, Bayern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Pharma GmbH, N\u00fcrnberg, Bayern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gmeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Pharma GmbH, N\u00fcrnberg, Bayern, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8019-9272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank G","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050410200974000_bjo-2024-327060v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.564"},{"key":"2026050410200974000_bjo-2024-327060v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frei A , Woitzek K , Wang M , et al . 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