{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:42:00Z","timestamp":1779900120426,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the angle between the driver\u2019s eye and the three mirrors (side and rear-view) across different vehicle models, in order to understand head and gaze adjustments that may be necessary for post-strabismus surgery patients to reduce diplopia while driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The driver\u2019s eye angle (DEA) was defined as the horizontal angle between the driver\u2019s line of sight when looking straight ahead and the direction of their gaze required to view the centre of a given mirror. Angles were measured using a digital protractor from a single 69 inch (1.75\u2009m) tall driver\u2019s eye position to the centre of the three mirrors (left side, right side and rear-view) in each vehicle. Measurements considered seat height and proximity to the steering wheel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DEAs were calculated for the seat position deemed most comfortable (CP) by the model driver. For the rear-view mirror, the average CP DEA was 43.5\u00b0 (range: 35.0\u00b0\u201348.4\u00b0). The left side mirror averaged 45.8\u00b0 (range: 39.3\u00b0\u201352.1\u00b0) and the right side mirror 68.9\u00b0 (range: 63.1\u00b0\u201380.3\u00b0). Generally, DEAs were highest with the seat in a forward-high position and lowest when seated further back and lower.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with strabismus or postsurgical limitations may experience diplopia when using mirrors that require extreme gaze angles. Clinicians should incorporate driving-related visual demands into postoperative counselling. Encouraging rearward-lowered seating and recommending vehicles with narrower mirror angles may reduce symptoms. In some cases, adaptive devices (wide-angle mirrors, blind spot monitoring) may be necessary for safe and comfortable driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-327186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:20:23Z","timestamp":1762194023000},"page":"452-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["But doctor, will I be able to drive? Car mirror placement design and viewing angles required for safe binocular vision for drivers"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6728-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Richkind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Jody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Norton Children\u2019s Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2161-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shira L","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viterbi Family Dept of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolene C","family":"Rudell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Granet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viterbi Family Dept of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032002151783000_110.4.452.1","unstructured":"Standard no.111; rearview mirrors. n.d. 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Available: https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Driving_Restrictions_per_State [Accessed 15 Sep 2024]."},{"key":"2026032002151783000_110.4.452.9","unstructured":"Steinkuller PG . Legal Vision Requirements for Drivers in the United States. AMA J Ethics 2010."},{"key":"2026032002151783000_110.4.452.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.06.032"},{"key":"2026032002151783000_110.4.452.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02319-5","article-title":"Binocular visual field in adults with horizontal strabismus and driving requirements","volume":"37","author":"Alfaqawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026032002151783000_110.4.452.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.08.010","article-title":"Unilateral strabismus surgery in patients with exotropia results in postoperative lateral incomitance","volume":"18","author":"Deacon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026032002151783000_110.4.452.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307027"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:16:02Z","timestamp":1773998162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2025-327186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}