{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:41:52Z","timestamp":1779208912991,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["23Y11909800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23Y11909800"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Medical Talents of Shanghai \u201cRising Stars of Medical Talents\u201d Youth Development Program, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Project","award":["20244Z0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20244Z0015"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Medical Talents of Shanghai \u201cRising Stars of Medical Talents\u201d Youth Development Program, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Project","award":["2024ZZ1025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZZ1025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81470613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81470613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81670835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82122017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82122017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Project of Shanghai Public Health Research","award":["2024GKQ36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GKQ36"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2502800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2502800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the associations of parental reproductive age with the risk of myopia and high myopia in adult offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 14\u2009044 UK Biobank participants. Myopia and high myopia were defined as a mean spherical equivalent (spherical power+1\/2 cylindrical power) of both eyes \u2264\u22120.5 dioptres (D), and \u2264\u22126.0 D, respectively. Parental age was categorised as &lt;25, 25\u201329, 30\u201334 and \u226535 years. Logistic regression was conducted after adjusting for age, sex, race, time spent outdoors, Townsend Index, income, education, body mass index, smoking and drinking. Interaction terms between parental age and outdoor activity were further added to the logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of myopia and high myopia among adult offspring generally increased with parental reproductive age. Logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced maternal age significantly increased the risk of myopia and high myopia. Maternal age over 35 years was associated with the highest risk of myopia (OR, 1.42; p&lt;0.001) and high myopia (OR, 1.56; p=0.029). However, no significant effect was observed for advanced paternal age on the risk of myopia and high myopia. Interaction analysis indicated that compared with spending 0\u20132\u2009hours outdoors daily, more than 2\u2009hours attenuated the effect of maternal age on progression of myopic refractive error.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced maternal reproductive age had a detrimental effect on the risk of myopia and high myopia in offspring, which could be mitigated by engaging in daily outdoor activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-327367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T17:20:20Z","timestamp":1753377620000},"page":"1425-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advanced maternal reproductive age elevates myopia risk in offspring"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Jiao","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangjia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000223","article-title":"Complications of Pathologic Myopia","volume":"42","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25965"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0127-7"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0599-0"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010875","article-title":"Myopia and Near Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Dutheil","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.10","first-page":"133","article-title":"Postponing parenthood to advanced age and its possible consequences","volume":"158","author":"\u0160ulov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cas Lek Cesk"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229904","article-title":"Advanced paternal age directly impacts mouse embryonic placental imprinting","volume":"15","author":"Denomme","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020486","article-title":"Impact of Advanced Paternal Age on Fertility and Risks of Genetic Disorders in Offspring","volume":"14","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.025"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: Final Data for 2022","volume":"73","author":"Osterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.02.040","article-title":"Re: The Age of Fathers in the USA is Rising: An Analysis of 168 867 480 Births from 1972 to 2015","volume":"199","author":"Niederberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494815620958"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01209-9","article-title":"Advanced Paternal Age Affects the Sperm DNA Fragmentation Index and May Lead to Lower Good-quality Blastocysts","volume":"30","author":"Donatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00668-y","article-title":"Advanced paternal age: effects on sperm parameters, assisted reproduction outcomes and offspring health","volume":"18","author":"Halvaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13360","article-title":"Single human oocyte transcriptome analysis reveals distinct maturation stage-dependent pathways impacted by age","volume":"20","author":"Llonch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01151-z","article-title":"Mechanisms of ovarian aging in women: a review","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102864","article-title":"Advanced maternal age alters expression of maternal effect genes that are essential for human oocyte quality","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010076","article-title":"Advanced Maternal Age Differentially Affects Embryonic Tissues with the Most Severe Impact on the Developing Brain","volume":"12","author":"Kokorudz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13267","article-title":"Parental Age and Offspring Childhood Mental Health: A Multi-Cohort, Population-Based Investigation","volume":"91","author":"Zondervan-Zwijnenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318","article-title":"The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"38","author":"Lyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0402-z"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.01.022","article-title":"Parental age and the risk of childhood acute myeloid leukemia: results from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium","volume":"59","author":"Panagopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.6.2847","article-title":"Parental age-related risk of retinoblastoma in Iranian children","volume":"15","author":"Saremi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl177"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0979"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.8694","article-title":"Evaluation of Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy and High Refractive Error in Offspring During Childhood and Adolescence","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139383","article-title":"The Association between Maternal Reproductive Age and Progression of Refractive Error in Urban Students in Beijing","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.015"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3275"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/750637","article-title":"Oxidative stress in myopia","volume":"2015","author":"Francisco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112472","article-title":"Advances in biomedical study of the myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms","volume":"145","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-023-02036-y"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.011"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.06.024"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.054"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000917","article-title":"What Do Animal Studies Tell Us about the Mechanism of Myopia-Protection by Light?","volume":"93","author":"Norton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025112002101384000_109.12.1425.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060519893866","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519893866","article-title":"Protective effects of increased outdoor time against myopia: a review","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T09:23:46Z","timestamp":1765704226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2025-327367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327367","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]}}}