{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:40:23Z","timestamp":1792442423181,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008436","name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed the prevalence of strabismus, nystagmus and their risk factors in children born preterm, stratified by gestational age (GA), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and ROP treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective follow-up in a large cohort of children born preterm and full-term aged 4\u201317 years. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed associations of strabismus and nystagmus with perinatal parameters. Participants were divided into the following groups: controls born at term (GA \u226537 weeks, group 1), children born preterm without ROP and GA 33\u201336 weeks (group 2), GA 29\u201332 weeks (group 3), GA \u226428 weeks (group 4), GA \u226432 weeks with untreated ROP (group 5) and GA \u226432 weeks with treated ROP (group 6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>949 children (11.21\u00b13.92 years, 495 females) were included. Strabismus was observed in 6% of children in group 1, 10% in group 2, 12% in group 3, 23% in group 4, 20% in group 5 and 68% in group 6. Nystagmus was observed in 0.8%, 0.4%, 1.8%, 2.6%, 5.0% and 47% in the respective groups. Strabismus was associated with earlier GA (OR=1.08; p=0.01), astigmatism (OR=2.48; p=0.02) and hypermetropia (OR=2.09; p=0.04). Esotropia was associated with weeks of prematurity (OR=1.11; p=0.02), anisometropia (OR=3.09; p=0.02) and hypermetropia (OR=4.17; p&lt;0.001). Nystagmus was associated with ROP (OR=7.49; p=0.03), anisometropia (OR=5.17; p=0.04) and myopia (OR=11.09; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strabismus in children is linked to preterm birth and refractive error, while nystagmus is more prevalent in children with ROP and children with refractive errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-327571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T08:10:25Z","timestamp":1760083825000},"page":"370-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of strabismus, nystagmus and risk factors in children and adolescents born preterm with and without retinopathy of prematurity: results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Study Young"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Fie\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6052-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gi\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alica","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mildenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4630-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike M","family":"Elflein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Hahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Mainz, 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