{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:32:05Z","timestamp":1788402725109,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression among individuals diagnosed with glaucoma, using standardised psychometric instruments, to define factors associated with these psychological diseases, and to identify a potential healthcare gap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 249 patients with glaucoma were assessed using the 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Correlation analyses explored links between psychometric scores, general mental and physical health functioning, vision-related quality of life and biosocial factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among participants, 1.2% had a prior anxiety diagnosis and 11.2%\u2009a depression diagnosis, yet screening revealed higher rates: 42.2% for anxiety and 34.9% for depression, indicating significant underdiagnosis (p&lt;0.001, respectively). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores correlated strongly (p&lt;0.001). Higher PHQ-9 scores were linked to poorer mental and physical health functioning as well as lower vision-related quality of life (p&lt;0.001, respectively), female gender, living alone (p=0.02, respectively), younger age and lower income (p=0.01, respectively). Similarly, higher GAD-7 scores were associated with worse mental health functioning and vision-related quality of life (p&lt;0.001, respectively), female gender (p=0.003), reduced physical health functioning (p=0.03) and lower income (p=0.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anxiety and depression are frequently underdiagnosed in patients with glaucoma, highlighting a significant healthcare gap. The higher prevalence of these conditions in patients with glaucoma compared with the general population underscores the need for routine psychometric screening to enhance detection and management. Bridging this gap calls for an integrated care model that incorporates psychological evaluation and support into standard protocols, enabling comprehensive, patient-centred care tailored to age, gender, vision-related and socioeconomic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-327650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T21:05:52Z","timestamp":1752786352000},"page":"1351-1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychological comorbidity in glaucoma: prevalence and impact of anxiety and depression"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Christopher","family":"Rokohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philomena A","family":"Wawer Matos Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Hirt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S","family":"Dietlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6935-6","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma - a cohort study based on longitudinal data from a German public health insurance","volume":"19","author":"Kreft","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317112"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0811-5","article-title":"The association between glaucoma and risk of depression: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2017.351","article-title":"Glaucoma, depression and quality of life: multiple comorbidities, multiple assessments and multidisciplinary plan treatment","volume":"29","author":"Pel\u010di\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0831-1","article-title":"Prevalence of depression and anxiety among participants with glaucoma in a population-based cohort study: The Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"18","author":"Rezapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.082"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300910"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.07.021","article-title":"The Association Between Glaucoma, Anxiety, and Depression in a Large Population","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40617","article-title":"Risk of depression in glaucoma patients with vision impairment: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410890","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1410890","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with glaucoma","volume":"15","author":"Giacometti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402604","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1402604","article-title":"Quality of life and mental health status of glaucoma patients","volume":"11","author":"Kopila\u0161","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31816299d4"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7702"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.10.009","article-title":"Depression and quality of life in a community-based glaucoma-screening project","volume":"53","author":"Thau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20030305","article-title":"The Critical Relationship Between Anxiety and Depression","volume":"177","author":"Kalin","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316617"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.127092"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.12.014","article-title":"Fast Visual Field Progression Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Diniz-Filho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.012"},{"key":"2025112002101392000_109.12.1351.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2024.100485","article-title":"Income rank and depressive symptoms among employees in Germany - A 5-year cross-lagged panel analysis","volume":"24","author":"Euteneuer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T09:24:03Z","timestamp":1765704243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2025-327650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-327650","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}}}