{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:28:13Z","timestamp":1787218093498,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature surrounding the relationship between obesity and glaucoma is conflicting. The aim of this study was to examine associations between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and glaucoma prevalence in the National Institutes of Health All of Us (AoU) research programme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>156\u2009362 individuals over age 40 were included in analyses. Obesity was defined by (1) body mass index (BMI) and (2) central obesity based on waist circumference (WC). MetS was defined as \u22653 of the following: central obesity (CO), triglycerides \u2265150\u2009mg\/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (&lt;40\u2009mg\/dL for men and &lt;50\u2009mg\/dL for women), blood pressure \u2265130\/85\u2009mm Hg and fasting glucose \u2265100\u2009mg\/dL or non-fasting glucose \u2265140\u2009mg\/dL. Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MSSS) was captured as a continuous measure of MetS. Logistic regression models examined associations between (1) BMI, (2) CO, (3) WC, (4) MetS, (5) MSSS and glaucoma prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overweight (OR 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.86)) and obese (OR 0.79 (95%\u2009CI 0.74 to 0.85)) individuals based on BMI and those with CO (OR 0.87 (95%\u2009CI 0.83 to 0.93)) and increased WC (OR 0.97 (95%\u2009CI 0.95 to 0.99)) had lower odds of glaucoma compared with non-overweight individuals. Individuals with MetS (OR 1.35 (95%\u2009CI 1.27 to 1.44)) and higher MSSS (OR 1.19 (95%\u2009CI 1.16 to 1.22)) had increased odds of glaucoma compared with individuals without MetS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In AoU, higher BMI and increased WC were associated with a lower likelihood of glaucoma, while MetS was associated with an increased likelihood of glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-328112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T18:20:19Z","timestamp":1769624419000},"page":"1057-1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between obesity, metabolic syndrome and glaucoma in the National Institutes of Health \u2018All of Us\u2019 research programme"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Kitayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4993-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria L","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-722X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne L","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.59.12.717"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835524","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.835524","article-title":"The Causal Association Between Obesity and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.12.003"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100070092031"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5769.2021","article-title":"The Correlation Between Body Weight and Intraocular Pressure","volume":"92","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.06.002"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18373","article-title":"Diabetes, Triglyceride Levels, and Other Risk Factors for Glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008","volume":"57","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026082002151219000_110.9.1057.9","unstructured":"(CDC) CfDCaP . 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