{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:54:46Z","timestamp":1791237286917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Form-deprivation amblyopia (FDAM) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder from early visual deprivation. This study uses T1-weighted MRI to explore its neuroanatomical correlates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>18 Chinese children with bilateral FDAM and 36 propensity score-matched healthy Chinese controls (1-to-2 matched for age, sex and mean cortical thickness) underwent 3.0T T1-weighted MRI (1\u00d71\u00d71\u2009mm\u00b3 resolution). Cortical and subcortical structures were parcellated using FreeSurfer V.7.3.2 with multiatlas (Desikan-Killiany-Tourville, Destrieux, subset Brodmann and Aseg), alongside specialised modules for thalamic nuclei and hippocampal-amygdala subfields. Linear regression models adjusted for age and sex were employed for group comparisons with Bonferroni correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FDAM exhibited widespread structural alterations: Primary visual deficits included right V1 thinning (p=3.60\u00d710\u207b\u2074) and pericalcarine atrophy (p=1.03\u00d710\u207b\u2077), with subcortical degeneration in bilateral lateral geniculate (p\u22641.77\u00d710\u207b\u2075) and pulvinar nuclei (p\u22642.67\u00d710\u207b\u2074). Language networks showed left BA44\/45 atrophy (Broca\u2019s area, p\u22649.19\u00d710\u207b\u2079) and bilateral thinning of planum temporale (critical for auditory language, p\u22649.11\u00d710\u207b\u2076). Disruptions in somatosensory and cross-modal integration regions were observed, such as in somatosensory processing, as manifested by bilateral atrophy in BA3a (p\u22642.62\u00d710\u207b\u2074) and left BA3b (p=1.86\u00d710\u207b\u2074). The cognitive control networks also exhibited thinning (eg, left inferior frontal sulcus, p=1.05\u00d710\u207b\u2078). Subcortically, volume loss affected bilateral globus pallidus (p\u22641.24\u00d710\u207b\u2077) and thalamic nuclei (p\u22641.11\u00d710\u207b\u2074) and amygdalar substructures (eg, left central nucleus: p=1.22\u00d710\u207b\u2077).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FDAM involves multisystem neural disruptions spanning primary visual, language, somatosensory, cognitive and emotion-regulation networks. These findings highlight the disorder\u2019s complexity and motivate further mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-328170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T17:20:25Z","timestamp":1758216025000},"page":"242-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Structural MRI alterations in children with form-deprivation amblyopia: a propensity score-matched case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9079-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1483-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingjun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-E","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.1","unstructured":"Zagui RB . Amblyopia: types, diagnosis, treatment, and new perspectives. 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.aao.org\/education\/disease-review\/amblyopia-types-diagnosis-treatment-new-perspectiv [Accessed 2 Apr 2025]."},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.3535","article-title":"GJA3 Genetic Variation and Autosomal Dominant Congenital Cataracts and Glaucoma Following Cataract Surgery","volume":"141","author":"Boese","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70512-4","article-title":"The critical period for surgical treatment of dense congenital unilateral cataract","volume":"122","author":"Birch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13430","article-title":"Associations of light\u2010adapted electroretinogram in paediatric amblyopia","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2101004","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity of primary visual cortex in adults with strabismus and amblyopia: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.925856","article-title":"Altered Brain Network Centrality in Patients with Adult Strabismus with Amblyopia: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Study","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00195","article-title":"Impaired Activation of Visual Attention Network for Motion Salience Is Accompanied by Reduced Functional Connectivity between Frontal Eye Fields and Visual Cortex in Strabismic Amblyopia","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0745-24.2024","article-title":"Differential Impacts of Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia on the Mesoscale Functional Organization of the Human Visual Cortex","volume":"45","author":"Nasr","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8060869","article-title":"Enhanced Gray Matter Volume Compensates for Decreased Brain Activity in the Ocular Motor Area in Children with Anisometropic Amblyopia","volume":"2020","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00062","article-title":"Neuroimaging of amblyopia and binocular vision: a review","volume":"8","author":"Joly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.12.15"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.8.33","article-title":"Deficits of the \u201cGood\u201d Eye in Amblyopia: Processing Geometric Properties","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.27","article-title":"Temporal Contour Integration Deficits in Children With Amblyopia","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.7075","article-title":"Self-perception in Children Aged 3 to 7 Years With Amblyopia and Its Association With Deficits in Vision and Fine Motor Skills","volume":"137","author":"Birch","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000932","article-title":"Propensity Score Matching: A Statistical Method","volume":"33","author":"Kane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11922\/11-6035.csd.2023.0109.zh","article-title":"A dataset of Chinese reading and brain development for children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CSD"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.17","first-page":"768","article-title":"Expert consensus on diagnosis of amblyopia (2011)","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.012"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.042"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m441","article-title":"Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model","volume":"368","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920928009"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.039"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1527148","article-title":"Decreased scene-selective activity within the posterior intraparietal cortex in amblyopic adults","volume":"19","author":"Malladi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/16.3.16","article-title":"Degraded attentional modulation of cortical neural populations in strabismic amblyopia","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110117","article-title":"Loss and enhancement of layer-selective signals in geniculostriate and corticotectal pathways of adult human amblyopia","volume":"37","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12024","article-title":"Assessment of neuroretinal function in a group of functional amblyopes with documented LGN deficits","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02757-5","article-title":"ARC\/Arg3.1 expression in the lateral geniculate body of monocular form deprivation amblyopic kittens","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp4627","article-title":"Visual activity enhances neuronal excitability in thalamic relay neurons","volume":"11","author":"Dum\u00e9nieu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.31","first-page":"2729","article-title":"The lateral geniculate nucleus in human strabismic amblyopia","volume":"33","author":"Noorden","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000219","article-title":"Critical periods in amblyopia","volume":"35","author":"Hensch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3046","article-title":"Domain-general and domain-specific functional networks of Broca\u2019s area underlying language processing","volume":"13","author":"Bulut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.95547","article-title":"Microstructural asymmetries of the planum temporale predict functional lateralization of auditory-language processing","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00047-2"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.020","article-title":"Convergence of semantics and emotional expression within the IFG pars orbitalis","volume":"156","author":"Belyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.06.013","article-title":"Pediatric ophthalmology and childhood reading difficulties: Amblyopia and slow reading","volume":"21","author":"Birch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2020.1747384","article-title":"Psychomotor, Psychosocial and Reading Skills in Children with Amblyopia and the Effect of Different Treatments","volume":"53","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2833"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad373"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.03.019"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26635","article-title":"The superior frontal sulcus in the human brain: Morphology and probability maps","volume":"45","author":"Drudik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-815134-1.00001-5"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.44","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Psychological Impact of Amblyopia Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"21","author":"Haine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br Ir Orthopt J"},{"key":"2026021903500780000_110.3.242.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27421"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-328170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T11:51:02Z","timestamp":1771501862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-328170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2025-328170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-328170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]}}}