{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:00:08Z","timestamp":1785261608069,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K19721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K19721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H02954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H02954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the incidence and risk factors for epiretinal membrane (ERM) development following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections in eyes with a branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective study that included patients with BRVO who received at least one anti-VEGF injection and were followed for \u226512 months at the Mie University Hospital between January 2018 and February 2024. Eyes with baseline ERM were excluded. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to determine the presence of an ERM and a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) before and after the anti-VEGF injections. Post-injection PVD was defined as new-onset complete PVD in eyes without baseline complete PVD. Images were assessed by two experienced ophthalmologists. Clinical and systemic variables were analysed. Independent risk factors were identified using Firth\u2019s penalised logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>100 eyes from 100 patients were analysed. ERM developed in 22 eyes (22%) within one year with a mean detection time of 18.0 \u00b1 13.9 weeks. Post-injection PVD occurred in 36.4% of the ERM(+) group versus 5.1% of the ERM(\u2212) group (p&lt;0.001). In multivariable Firth models, post-injection PVD was consistently associated with ERM development (p\u22640.01 across models). Baseline central macular thickness was greater in the ERM(+) group, but it was not independently associated with ERM development after adjustments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About one-fifth of BRVO eyes developed an ERM within one year after anti-VEGF therapy. Post-injection PVD was the most robust factor associated with ERM development, underscoring the importance of vitreoretinal interface changes in the post-treatment course.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-328574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:20:17Z","timestamp":1785259217000},"page":"bjo-2025-328574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence and risk factors for epiretinal membrane formation after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection in branch retinal vein occlusion"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4172-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumiko","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzen","family":"Kashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keitaro","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Muramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Mase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mineo","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience, Tsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182870c15"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000497492","article-title":"Current outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy in the treatment of macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusions: a meta-analysis","volume":"242","author":"Spooner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.02.021"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.035"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.107"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2266-y","article-title":"Posterior vitreous detachment following intravitreal drug injection","volume":"251","author":"Geck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.177287"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101192","article-title":"Rapid formation of macular pucker following intravitreal ranibizumab injection for branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"23","author":"Oshiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.006"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4578","article-title":"Evolution of vitreomacular detachment in healthy subjects","volume":"131","author":"Itakura","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30190-0"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000418","article-title":"Fundus changes in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Hayreh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.009"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1082-x"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0879"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.001"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100030115033"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97738-x","article-title":"Risk factors for macular pucker after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery","volume":"11","author":"Hirakata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.12.09","article-title":"Epiretinal membrane following pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair","volume":"12","author":"Sella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94352-9","article-title":"Risk factors for onset or progression of epiretinal membrane after cataract surgery","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01944-0","article-title":"Epiretinal membrane appearance or progression after intravitreal injection in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026072810201067000_bjo-2025-328574v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13587"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-328574","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:20:19Z","timestamp":1785259219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-328574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2025-328574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2025-328574","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}