{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:02:57Z","timestamp":1784570577120,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"name":"Special project of science and technology innovation strategy of Guangdong Province","award":["STKJ2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STKJ2023001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82471075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Key Research Platforms and Projects of Guangdong Provincial Universities","award":["2022LSYS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LSYS006"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research Platforms and Projects of Guangdong Provincial Universities","award":["2023KCXTD013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KCXTD013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study aims to investigate how age, period and cohort effects have shaped the patterns of diabetic retinopathy-related vision loss globally, distinguishing between loss associated with type 1 versus 2\u2009diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A secondary analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study was conducted by using estimates of blindness and vision loss due to DR across different socio-demographic index (SDI) categories. Age-standardised prevalence rates, relative percentage changes, net drift and local drift were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, age-standardised prevalence (ASPR) of diabetes-related blindness and vision loss rose from 48.8 per 100\u2009000 in 1990 to 67.3 per 100\u2009000 in 2021, with type 1 diabetes-related blindness and vision loss ASPR showing a modest decrease (from 1.8 to 1.7 per 100 000). The highest relative increase was recorded in the high SDI group (45.8%). For Type 1 diabetes, low-middle and low SDI groups exhibited more pronounced declines in associated ASPR. Increasing ASPR with advancing age was consistent across SDI groups though less pronounced for type 1 than type 2 diabetes. Unfavourable period and cohort effects were observed for type 2 but not type 1-related blindness and vision loss risk. High-middle SDI and middle SDI groups showed the most notable increase in period and cohort effect, whereas low-middle and low SDI groups experienced favourable period and cohort risks during the study duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantially different trends were observed for ASPR, period and cohort effects in recent decades for type 1 versus type 2 diabetes across different SDI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-328581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:20:20Z","timestamp":1784568020000},"page":"bjo-2025-328581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global temporal trends of DR-related blindness and vision loss from 1990 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis of the 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