{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:21:09Z","timestamp":1793604069720,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted grant to the Department of Ophthalmol"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted grant to the Department of Ophthalmol"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Barry Family Center for Ophthalmic Artificial Intelligence and Human Health","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Rehabilitation Research and Development","award":["5IK1RX005029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5IK1RX005029"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Rehabilitation Research and Development","award":["I01RX003797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01RX003797"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Rehabilitation Research and Development","award":["I50 RX003002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I50 RX003002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY032522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY032522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Foundation, New York, N.Y","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"VA Merit Review Grant","award":["I01 RX000140-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 RX000140-03"]}]},{"name":"NIH P30","award":["EY030413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030413"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health CTSA","award":["EY030413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030413"]}]},{"name":"Health Research Board and ICAT Programme","award":["ICAT-2022-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICAT-2022-001"]}]},{"name":"Shulman Family NAION Fund at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We characterised visual field (VF) spatial loss patterns in acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) using archetypal analysis (AA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed standard automated perimetry on 727 participants with acute NAION at screening, day 1 of enrolment, months 2, 6 and 12. We applied AA, an unsupervised machine learning technique, to identify and quantify distinct VF loss patterns (archetypes, ATs). We used Mann-Whitney U tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess demographic differences and longitudinal changes in discrete variables, and linear regression to analyse continuous variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AA identified 10 distinct ATs, with three especially prevalent patterns: global VF loss (AT1), inferior altitudinal loss (AT2) and inferior altitudinal with macular sparing (AT3). Between day 1 and month 2, AT1 RW significantly increased from 15.7% to 28.1% (false discovery rate, FDR-adjusted p&lt;0.001). Asian participants consistently exhibited greater RW for AT1 compared with White participants (day 1: 40.7% vs 17.7%; FDR-adjusted p&lt;0.001). Sex differences emerged modestly at months 2 and 6, with females having a higher RW for superior altitudinal loss (FDR-adjusted p=0.049). Older participants showed slightly greater frequency of central horizontal and mild central depression patterns (FDR-adjusted p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AA effectively quantifies distinct, clinically significant VF spatial loss patterns in NAION, revealing significant temporal changes and demographic differences. Global VF loss represents the predominant AT, increasing notably within 2 months of disease onset. Prominent racial disparities, particularly higher severity in Asian individuals, underscore potential differences in NAION aetiology or susceptibility. These findings provide a foundation for improved disease characterisation and prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-328673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T18:20:12Z","timestamp":1766686812000},"page":"736-742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Archetypal analysis quantifies changes in patterns of visual field loss in eyes with acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Szanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irish Clinical Academic Training Programme, Department of Ophthalmology, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, County Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Galway, Galway, County Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jui-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-4806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2032-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Elze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-8839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Kupersmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology\/Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062202151381000_110.7.736.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70999-7"},{"key":"2026062202151381000_110.7.736.2","unstructured":"Walsh FB , Hoyt WF . 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