{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T18:03:49Z","timestamp":1779732229350,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish normative axial length growth references for preterm infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and term-born children under 5 years and construct templates to aid early-onset glaucoma evaluation and monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective cross-sectional study, preterm infants (&lt;37 weeks\u2019 gestational age) without ROP and healthy term-born children under 5 years were included. Axial length was measured using ultrasonic biometry. Growth references were plotted on logarithmic scales: postmenstrual age (PMA) for preterm infants, months for term children. Analysis of covariance compared the growth slopes. Multiple linear regression assessed predictors of axial length growth (gestational age, measurement age and birth weight).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>220 eyes (101 term, 119 preterm) were analysed. The mean gestational age was 39.5\u00b10.84 weeks in term and 31.8\u00b12.17 weeks in preterm infants. The mean axial length was 21.15\u00b11.6\u2009mm in term and 16.95\u00b11.15\u2009mm in preterm infants at 17.3\u00b113.2 months and 43.5\u00b15.9 weeks PMA, respectively. In preterm infants, PMA and birth weight showed a strong independent positive association with axial length. In term infants, only PMA showed a strongly independent positive association with axial length. Collinearity diagnostics indicated no evidence of significant multicollinearity in either group. Preterm eyes had a steeper slope compared with term eyes (0.16 vs 0.02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The steeper axial elongation in preterm infants may represent compensatory postnatal growth and is clinically important for the assessment of glaucoma in the preterm period. The derived growth references offer practical clinical tools for distinguishing physiological ocular growth from pathological enlargement due to elevated intraocular pressure in neonatal-onset glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2026-329568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T17:20:16Z","timestamp":1779729616000},"page":"bjo-2026-329568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normative axial length growth references in preterm and term infants for clinical use in early onset glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9175-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushmita","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinkesh","family":"Dhariwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stuttgart Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deeksha","family":"Katoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaspreet","family":"Sukhija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savleen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5068-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Thattaruthody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surinder Singh","family":"Pandav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2001.0077"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14358","article-title":"Ophthalmic sequelae of prematurity in late childhood and adulthood: A review","volume":"52","author":"Downes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002279","article-title":"Risk of long-term ophthalmological complications in Taiwanese preterm infants: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20051101-01","article-title":"Newborn primary congenital glaucoma: 2005 update","volume":"42","author":"Walton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317230"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00671-7"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.8","first-page":"334","article-title":"Prematurity\u2014Risk Factor or Coincidence in Congenital Glaucoma?","volume":"58","author":"Dragosloveanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Bogota Colomb"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001124","article-title":"Clinical Presentation and Management Outcomes of Coexistent Congenital Glaucoma and Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"28","author":"Senthil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002600","article-title":"Influence of Retinopathy of Prematurity and Laser Therapy on Intraocular Pressure in Preterm Infants","volume":"34","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2012(11)03","article-title":"Intraocular pressure in very low birth weight preterm infants and its association with postconceptional age","volume":"67","author":"Lindenmeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70083-2","article-title":"Intraocular pressure in premature babies in the first month of life","volume":"3","author":"Ricci","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0954"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12630","article-title":"Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry","volume":"39","author":"Tideman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.15","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Ultrasonic observations of eyes of premature babies. VI. Growth references of ocular axial length and its components","volume":"83","author":"Hirano","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1971.tb05939.x","article-title":"The sagittal growth of the eye. IV. Ultrasonic measurement of the axial length of the eye from birth to puberty","volume":"49","author":"Larsen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030576003"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072152","article-title":"The Role of Axial Length and Intraocular Pressure in the Follow-Up of Growing Children with Primary Congenital Glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Longo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001186","article-title":"Axial Length and Anterior Segment Alterations in Former Preterm Infants and Full-Term Neonates Analyzed With Scheimpflug Imaging","volume":"36","author":"Fie\u00df","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17299","article-title":"Early ophthalmic growth deficits in preterm-born children are not compensated for during later development","volume":"113","author":"Fledelius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.083535"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05158-4","article-title":"Evaluating the association of clinical factors and optical coherence tomography retinal imaging with axial length and axial length growth among preterm infants","volume":"259","author":"Prakalapakorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1992.tb04915.x","article-title":"Pre\u2010term delivery and the growth of the eye An oculometric study of eye size around term\u2010time","volume":"70","author":"Fledelius","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0114"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31968-2"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00222-8"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE2008037","article-title":"National growth charts for the United Arab Emirates","volume":"18","author":"Abdulrazzaq","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026052510201265000_bjo-2026-329568v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.515603"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2026-329568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T17:20:18Z","timestamp":1779729618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo-2026-329568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjo-2026-329568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2026-329568","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}