{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:49:42Z","timestamp":1782236982420,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate probabilities of high myopia-associated glaucomatous\/glaucoma-like optic neuropathy (GLON) and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy (NGON).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants of four population-based investigations (Beijing Eye Study (n=3316 participants; age: 40+ years), Ural Eye and Medical Study (n=5372; age: 40+ years), Ural Very Old Study (n=586; age: 85+ years), Ural Children Eye Study (n=4328; age: 6+ years), Central India Eye and Medical Study (n=4374; age: 30+ years) underwent medical and ophthalmological examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study population (n=35\u2009167 eyes; 17\u2009996 individuals) was randomly divided (ratio: 1:1) into a development and validation subgroup. In the development subgroup, the GLON prevalence equation was: \u221220.221+0.359\u00d7Axial Length+0.083\u00d7Age+0.706\u00d7Indian Ethnicity+0.198\u00d7Intraocular Pressure (IOP)+0.780\u00d7NGON-Presence. The NGON prevalence equation was: \u221238.136+1.202\u00d7Axial Length+0.038\u00d7Age-2.745\u00d7Indian Ethnicity+0.566\u00d7Myopic Macular Degeneration Stage+1.300\u00d7GLON Presence. In the validation subgroup, these equations had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GLON prevalence and NGON prevalence of 0.881 and 0.964, respectively. Applying the equations, a non-Indian individual (axial length: 28\u2009mm; IOP: 22\u2009mm Hg) had a GLON probability of 3.5% and 60.2% at the ages of 30 years and 75 years, respectively, and an NGON probability of 3.42% and 16.4%, respectively. With an axial length of 30\u2009mm, GLON probability and NGON probability increased from 6.9% to 75.6% and from 28.2% to 68.4% from age 30 years to 75 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The equations offer a rough estimate of optic nerve damage probability at present and at older age, based on axial length, IOP, ethnicity and ocular comorbidity. The calculated probability of GLON and NGON (IOP: 22\u2009mm Hg, age: 75 years) at an axial length of 28\u2009mm was 60.2% and 16.4%, respectively, and 75.6% and 68.4%, respectively, for an axial length of 30\u2009mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2026-329849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:20:15Z","timestamp":1782235215000},"page":"bjo-2026-329849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of high myopia-associated optic neuropathies: the Two-Continent Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost B","family":"Jonas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Francais de Myopie, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"L V Prasad Eye 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