{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:34Z","timestamp":1792787254092,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Matlida Ziegler Foundation for the Blind","award":["Not available"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not available"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zj09521","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Career Development Award","award":["Not available"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not available"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xjhr934","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc","award":["K23EY035342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23EY035342"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NEI","award":["P30-EY026877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-EY026877"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23EY035741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23EY035741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the association between varicose veins and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), based on emerging genetic evidence of a shared vascular mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network. Patients with varicose veins (n=621\u2009513) were matched 1:1 to controls without varicose veins on age, sex, race and ethnicity, with prior CSCR or serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) excluded. A secondary analysis excluded glucocorticoid users and additionally matched on hypertension, sleep apnoea and healthcare utilisation. A tertiary analysis compared thromboembolic risk (pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)) in varicose vein patients with and without CSCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Varicose veins were significantly associated with CSCR (risk ratio (RR) 2.16; 95%\u2009CI 1.86 to 2.52; p&lt;0.0001) and serous PED (RR 1.97; 95%\u2009CI 1.69 to 2.93; p&lt;0.0001). Associations persisted after excluding glucocorticoid users and adjusting for comorbidities (CSCR RR 1.83; 95%\u2009CI 1.22 to 2.75; p=0.003; PED RR 1.95; 95%\u2009CI 1.38 to 3.34; p=0.013). Among varicose vein patients, rates of DVT (RR 1.36; p=0.078) and PE (RR 1.41; p=0.14) did not differ significantly between those with and without CSCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Varicose veins were significantly associated with CSCR and serous PED, independent of glucocorticoid exposure and known comorbidities, supporting a possible systemic vascular mechanism in CSCR pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2026-330067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:20:27Z","timestamp":1791393627000},"page":"bjo-2026-330067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between varicose veins and central serous chorioretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"given":"Bertan","family":"Cakir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negin","family":"Yavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie Y","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9586-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chase A","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Rahimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J","family":"Rossin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prithvi","family":"Mruthyunjaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen M","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101236"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319403"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.02.032"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100994"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.02.031"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973","article-title":"Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied 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central serous chorioretinopathy, varicose veins and glaucoma","volume":"16","author":"R\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.0706","article-title":"Overlap of Genetic Loci for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"141","author":"R\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150718"},{"key":"2026100710201512000_bjo-2026-330067v1.13","first-page":"84","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Regulates Endothelial Function","volume":"36","author":"Vestweber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology 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