{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:46:52Z","timestamp":1791456412787,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.4.231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1190152399000},"page":"231-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Role of iris changes as a cause of blindness in lepromatous leprosy."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"T J","family":"Ffytche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.54.11.740","article-title":"Ocular leprosy in Uganda","volume":"54","author":"Emiru, V.P.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Emiru VP. Ocular leprosy in Uganda. Br J Ophthalmol 1970; 54: 740-3.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(74)90393-6","article-title":"Ocular findings in leprosy","volume":"77","author":"Shields, J.A.; Waring, G.O.; Monte, L.G.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Shields JA, Waring GO, Monte LG. Ocular findings in leprosy. Am J Ophthalmol 1974; 77: 880-90.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"422","article-title":"Corneal sensitivity in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"38","author":"Krassai, A.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Krassai A. Corneal sensitivity in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr 1970; 38: 422-7.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.53.7.457","article-title":"Ocular leprosy in Ceylon","volume":"53","author":"Weekeroon, L.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Weekeroon L. Ocular leprosy in Ceylon. Br J Ophthalmol 1969; 53: 457-65.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)90423-5","article-title":"Clinical studies of ocular leprosy","volume":"71","author":"Slem, G.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Slem G. Clinical studies of ocular leprosy. Am J Ophthalmol 1971; 71: 431-4.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/134.2.205","article-title":"Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic disease","volume":"134","author":"Grove, D.L.; Warren, K.S.; Mahmoud, A.A.F.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Grove DL, Warren KS, Mahmoud AAF. Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic disease. XV leprosy. J Infect Dis 1976; 134: 205-10.","journal-title":"XV leprosy. J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"397","article-title":"The eyes of leprosy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK","volume":"81","author":"Holmes, W.J.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Holmes WJ. The eyes of leprosy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1957; 81: 397-420."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"516","article-title":"Ocular histopathology in animals experimentally infected with Mycobacterium leprae and Molepramuriam","volume":"62","author":"Hobbs, H.E.; Harman, D.J.; Rees, R.J.W.; McDougall, A.C.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hobbs HE, Harman DJ, Rees RJW, McDougall AC. Ocular histopathology in animals experimentally infected with Mycobacterium leprae and Molepramuriam. Br J Ophthalmol 1978; 62: 516-24.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"538","article-title":"Ponction de la chambre anterieure sur un cas d'iritis lepreuse","volume":"187","author":"Spyratos, S.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Spyratos S. Ponction de la chambre anterieure sur un cas d'iritis lepreuse. Ann Oculistique 1954; 187: 538-45."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"32","article-title":"Uveite a hypopion chez un lepreux avec presence de bacilles de Hansen lors de 1'examen de 1'humeur","volume":"32","author":"Voisin, J.; Lombard, G.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Voisin J, Lombard G. Uveite a hypopion chez un lepreux avec presence de bacilles de Hansen lors de 1'examen de 1'humeur. Bull Soc Ophtalnol Fr 1955; 32: 32-4.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Ophtalnol Fr"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(58)90263-0","volume":"46","author":"leprosy, Sears M.L.Ocular","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sears ML. Ocular leprosy. Am J Ophthalmol 1958; 46: 359-61.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(79)90663-9","article-title":"Lepromatous iridocyclitis diagnosed by anterior chamber paracentesis","volume":"88","author":"Michelson, J.B.; Roth, A.M.; Waring, G.O.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Michelson JB, Roth AM, Waring GO. Lepromatous iridocyclitis diagnosed by anterior chamber paracentesis. Am J Ophthalmol 1979; 88: 674-9.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"955","article-title":"Kerato-uveal changes","volume-title":"leprosy and onchocerciasis. Proc R Soc Med","volume":"65","author":"Choyce, D.P.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Choyce DP. Kerato-uveal changes in leprosy and onchocerciasis. Proc R Soc Med 1972; 65: 955-60."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(46)90829-X","article-title":"Ocular leprosy in Panama","volume":"29","author":"Harley, R.D.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Harley RD. Ocular leprosy in Panama. Am J Ophthalmol 1946; 29: 295-316.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Ocular leprosy. Proc R Soc Med 1955","volume":"48","author":"Kirwan, E.W.O.G.","unstructured":"Kirwan EWOG. Ocular leprosy. Proc R Soc Med 1955; 48: 112-8."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"159","article-title":"Acid-fast bacilli demonstrated in the blood of leprosy patients","volume":"287","author":"Drutz, D.J.; Chen, T.S.N.; Lu, W.H.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Drutz DJ, Chen TSN, Lu WH. Acid-fast bacilli demonstrated in the blood of leprosy patients. N Engl J Med 1972; 287: 159-63.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1360","article-title":"Ocular manifestations in leprosy","volume":"35","author":"Kennedy, P.J.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Kennedy PJ. Ocular manifestations in leprosy. Am J Ophthalmol 1952; 35: 1360-4.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"108","article-title":"Leprosy of the eye","volume":"28","author":"Holmes, W.J.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Holmes WJ. Leprosy of the eye. Lepr Rev 1957; 28: 108-23.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"64","key":"ref_19","first-page":"216","article-title":"The pathology of ocular leprosy","volume":"1960","author":"Allen, J.H.; Byers, J.L.","unstructured":"Allen JH, Byers JL. The pathology of ocular leprosy. I. Cornea. Arch Ophthalmol 1960; 64: 216-20.","journal-title":"I. Cornea. Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.53.4.217","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of ocular leprosy","volume":"53","author":"Choyce, D.P.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Choyce DP. The diagnosis and management of ocular leprosy. Br J Ophthalmol 1969; 53: 217-23.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"The care of the eye. The Star","author":"Brand, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brand M. The care of the eye. The Star. Carville, Louisiana: 1980."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"87","article-title":"Visual acuity in leprous patients. Arch Mem Soc Oftalmol Litoral","volume":"1","author":"Soto, M.C.; Palma, S.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Soto MC, Palma S. Visual acuity in leprous patients. Arch Mem Soc Oftalmol Litoral 1948; 1: 87-97."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"107","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of leprosy","volume":"10","author":"Aparisi, T.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Aparisi T. Ocular manifestations of leprosy. Arch Soc Oftalmol Hispano-Am 1950; 10: 107-21.","journal-title":"Arch Soc Oftalmol Hispano-Am"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.9.1.1","article-title":"Ocular leprosy","volume":"9","author":"Wood, D.J.","year":"1925","unstructured":"Wood DJ. Ocular leprosy. Br J Ophthalmol 1925; 9: 1-4.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"31","article-title":"Ocular complications of leprosy","volume":"6","author":"Carvalho, J.S.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Carvalho JS. Ocular complications of leprosy. Rev Bras Oftalmol 1948; 6: 31-6.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Leprous lesions of the eye","volume":"4","author":"Somerset, E.J.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Somerset EJ. Leprous lesions of the eye. J All-India Ophthalmol Soc 1956; 4: 7-14.","journal-title":"J All-India Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"81","key":"ref_27","first-page":"637","article-title":"Leprosy and its ocular manifestations","volume":"1961","author":"Cameron, A.N.","unstructured":"Cameron AN. Leprosy and its ocular manifestations. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1961; 81: 637-47.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"226","article-title":"The diagnosis of uveitis in leprosy","volume":"34","author":"Hobbs, H.E.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hobbs HE. The diagnosis of uveitis in leprosy. Lepr Rev 1963; 34: 226-30.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"131","article-title":"The blinding lesions of leprosy","volume":"42","author":"Hobbs, H.E.; Choyce, D.P.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hobbs HE, Choyce DP. The blinding lesions of leprosy. Lepr Rev 1971; 42: 131-7.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"107","article-title":"Ocular leprosy in Malawi","volume":"53","author":"Ticho, V.; I, Ben Sira","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ticho V, Ben Sira. I. Ocular leprosy in Malawi. Br J Ophthalmol 1970; 53: 107-12.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.20.10.561","article-title":"The eye in leprosy","volume":"20","author":"King, E.F.","year":"1936","unstructured":"King EF. The eye in leprosy. Br J Ophthalmol 1936; 20: 561-9.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"The Leprous Disease of the Eye","author":"Hansen, G.A.; Bull, O.B.","year":"1873","unstructured":"Hansen GA, Bull OB. The Leprous Disease of the Eye. Christiana: 1873."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"353","article-title":"A clinical study of leprous iritis","volume":"8","author":"de, Barros M.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Barros M de. A clinical study of leprous iritis. Int J Lepr 1940; 8: 353-60.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.4.243","article-title":"Cataract surgery in the management of the late complications of lepromatous leprosy in South Korea","volume":"65","author":"ffytche TJ","year":"1981","unstructured":"ffytche TJ. (1981) Cataract surgery in the management of the late complications of lepromatous leprosy in South Korea. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 243-8.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"42","article-title":"Leprosy of the eye. An analysis of the record of 512 cases of leprosy in the Hawaiian Islands","volume":"56","author":"Pinkerton, R.J.","year":"1927","unstructured":"Pinkerton RJ. Leprosy of the eye. An analysis of the record of 512 cases of leprosy in the Hawaiian Islands. Arch Ophthalmol 1927; 56: 42-51.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(66)90212-1","article-title":"The pathology of ocular leprosy. II. Miliary lepromas of iris","volume":"61","author":"Allen, J.H.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Allen JH. The pathology of ocular leprosy. II. Miliary lepromas of iris. Am J Ophthalmol 1966; 61: 987-92.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Proc All-India Ophthalmol Soc","volume":"19","year":"1963","unstructured":"Proc All-India Ophthalmol Soc 1963; 19: 183-8."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1940.00860130124011","article-title":"Ocular leprosy in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Prendergast, J.J.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Prendergast JJ. Ocular leprosy in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 1940; 23: 112-37.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"313","article-title":"Lesions of ocular leprosy in New Caledonia","volume":"30","author":"Beretti, J.; Cahuzac, G.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Beretti J, Cahuzac G. Lesions of ocular leprosy in New Caledonia. Arch Ophtalmol (Paris) 1970; 30: 313-20.","journal-title":"Arch Ophtalmol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cataract in leprosy: a biochemical approach","volume":"42","author":"Prabhakaran, K.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Prabhakaran K. Cataract in leprosy: a biochemical approach. Lepr Rev 1971; 42: 11-3.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1331","article-title":"Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders","volume":"ii:","author":"Studdy, P.; Bird, R.; James, D.G.; Sherlock, S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Studdy P, Bird R, James DG, Sherlock S. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Lancet 1978; ii: 1331-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_42","first-page":"513","article-title":"Temperature gradients in rabbit eye","volume":"1962","author":"Schwartz, B.","unstructured":"Schwartz B. Temperature gradients in rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 1962; 1: 513-21.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"ref_43","article-title":"Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit","author":"Last, R.J.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Last RJ. Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. 6th ed. London: Lewis, 1968.","edition":"6th ed"},{"issue":"82","key":"ref_44","first-page":"36","article-title":"(Jber die Sichtbarkeit der Leprosen Nervenkrankung in der Kornea an der Spaltlamp","volume":"1929","author":"Minder, R.","unstructured":"Minder R. (Jber die Sichtbarkeit der Leprosen Nervenkrankung in der Kornea an der Spaltlamp. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1929; 82: 36-40.","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(69)90721-1","article-title":"Unsuspected ocular leprosy","volume":"68","author":"Richards, W.W.; Arrington, J.W.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Richards WW, Arrington JW. Unsuspected ocular leprosy. Am J Ophthalmol 1969; 68: 492-9.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"56","article-title":"Ocular leprosy in the Canal Zone","volume":"45","author":"Harrell, J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Harrell J. Ocular leprosy in the Canal Zone. Int J Lepr 1977; 45: 56-60.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"61","article-title":"Electron microscopic studies of lepromatous changes in the iris","volume":"33","author":"Hashizuma, H.; Shionuma, E.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hashizuma H, Shionuma E. Electron microscopic studies of lepromatous changes in the iris. Int J Lepr 1965; 33: 61-82.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"142","article-title":"Pupillary reactions in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"40","author":"Swift, T.R.; Bauschard, F.D.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Swift TR, Bauschard FD. Pupillary reactions in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr 1972; 40: 142-8.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.65.4.231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T23:01:14Z","timestamp":1601074874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.65.4.231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,4,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.65.4.231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,4,1]]}}}