{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:59:01Z","timestamp":1791961141406,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.70.12.918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1190152399000},"page":"918-924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Estimation of visual function after optic neuritis: a comparison of clinical tests."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"E. A.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Volkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"van der Poel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. H.","family":"van Lith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.30.6.531","article-title":"Acute optic neuritis: its clinical features and their relation to the prognosis for recovery of vision","volume":"30","author":"Bradley, W.G.; Whitty, C.W.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bradley WG, Whitty CW. Acute optic neuritis: its clinical features and their relation to the prognosis for recovery of vision. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1967; 30: 531-7.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"533","article-title":"Current concepts in ophthalmology: optic neuropathy","volume":"299","author":"Lessel, S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lessel S. Current concepts in ophthalmology: optic neuropathy. Med Intell 1978; 299: 533.","journal-title":"Med Intell"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"148","article-title":"Optic retrobulbar neuritis","volume-title":"sclerosis: a reappraisal","author":"McAlpine, D.","year":"1970","unstructured":"McAlpine D. Optic retrobulbar neuritis. In: McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED, eds. Multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1970: 148-63."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.3.283","article-title":"Acute optic neuritis and the prognosis for multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Hutchinson, W.M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hutchinson WM. Acute optic neuritis and the prognosis for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 283-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Delayed visual evoked responses in optic neuritis","volume":"982","author":"Halliday, A.M.; McDonald, W.J.; Mushin, J.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Halliday AM, McDonald WJ, Mushin J. Delayed visual evoked responses in optic neuritis. Lancet. 1972; i: 982.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5893.661","article-title":"Visual evoked responses in the diagnosis of multiple scierosis","volume":"iv:","author":"Halliday, A.M.; McDonald, W.J.; Mushin, J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Halliday AM, McDonald WJ, Mushin J. Visual evoked responses in the diagnosis of multiple scierosis. Br MedJ 1973; iv: 661-4.","journal-title":"Br MedJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.3.275","article-title":"Visually evoked responses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Richey, E.T.; Kooi, K.A.; Tourtelotte, W.W.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Richey ET, Kooi KA, Tourtelotte WW. Visually evoked responses in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1971; 34:275-80.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/98.2.261","article-title":"Visual evoked responses in the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of multiple sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Asselman, P.; Chadwick, D.W.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Asselman P, Chadwick DW, Marsden CD. Visual evoked responses in the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of multiple sclerosis. Brain 1975; 98: 261-82.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"18","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"1","author":"Wray, S.H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wray SH. Optic neuritis. In: Lessel S, van Dalen JTW, eds. Neuro-ophthalmology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1980: part 1: 18-30."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"13","article-title":"Optic neuritis","author":"Wray, S.H.","unstructured":"Wray SH. Optic neuritis. In: Lessel S, van Dalen JTW, eds. Neuro-ophthalmology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1982: part II: 13-31."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1174-106","article-title":"Contrast and spatial frequency","volume":"231","author":"Campbell, E.W.; Maffei, L.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Campbell EW, Maffei L. Contrast and spatial frequency. Scientific American 1974; 231: 106-14.","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(83)90154-7","article-title":"Why do we measure contrast sensitivity?","volume":"10","author":"Campbell, F.W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Campbell FW. Why do we measure contrast sensitivity? Behav Brain Res 1983; 10: 87-97.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.4.695","article-title":"The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions","volume":"99","author":"Wollner, B.J.; Diamond, S.P.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wollner BJ, Diamond SP. The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions. Brain 1976; 99: 695-710.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/100.3.563","article-title":"Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: hidden visual loss","volume":"100","author":"Regan, D.; Silver, R.; Murray, T.J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Regan D, Silver R, Murray TJ. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: hidden visual loss. Brain 1977; 100: 563-79.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"165","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in optic","volume-title":"neuritis. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser","volume":"17","author":"Frisen, L.; Sjoestrand, J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Frisen L, Sjoestrand J. Contrast sensitivity in optic neuritis. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1978; 17: 165-73."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.5.407","article-title":"Subtle disturbances of vision after optic neuritis elicited by studying contrast sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Zimmern, R.L.; Campbell, F.W.; Wilkinson, J.M.S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Zimmern RL, Campbell FW, Wilkinson JMS. Subtle disturbances of vision after optic neuritis elicited by studying contrast sensitivity. J. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 407-12.","journal-title":"J. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3109\/01658108409051096","article-title":"Spatial contrast sensitivity function in optic neuritis","volume":"4","author":"Sanders, E.A.C.M.; Volkers, A.C.W.; van der Poel, J.C.; van Lith, G.H.M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sanders EACM, Volkers ACW, van der Poel JC, van Lith GHM. Spatial contrast sensitivity function in optic neuritis. Neuro-ophthalmol 1984; 4: 255-9.","journal-title":"Neuro-ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.3.951","article-title":"Bilateral optic neuritis","volume":"107","author":"Parkin, P.J.; Hierons, R.; WJ, McDonald","year":"1984","unstructured":"Parkin PJ, Hierons R, McDonald. WJ. Bilateral optic neuritis. Brain 1984; 107: 951-64.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topical diagnosis: prechiasmal visual pathways. Clinical ophthalmology","volume":"2","author":"Glaser, J.S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Glaser JS. Topical diagnosis: prechiasmal visual pathways. Clinical ophthalmology. In: Duane TD, Jaeger EA, eds. Philadelphia: Harper and Row, 1982: 2: 1-72."},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: a reapraisal","author":"McAlpine, D.; Lumsden, C.E.; Acheson, E.D.","year":"1965","unstructured":"McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED. Multiple sclerosis: a reapraisal. Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1965."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3109\/00016484709123756","article-title":"A new audiometer","volume":"35","author":"Bekesy, Von","year":"1947","unstructured":"Von Bekesy. A new audiometer. Acta Otolaryngol 1947; 35: 411-22.","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"511","article-title":"Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings","author":"Campbell, F.W.; Robson, J.G.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Campbell FW, Robson JG. Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. J Physiol (Lond) 1968; 197: 511-66.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90234-X","article-title":"The influence of the number of cycles upon the visual contrast threshold for spatial sine wave patterns","volume":"14","author":"Hoekstra, J.; van der Goot, D.P.J.; van der Brink, G.; Bilsen, E.A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hoekstra J, van der Goot DPJ, van der Brink G, Bilsen EA. The influence of the number of cycles upon the visual contrast threshold for spatial sine wave patterns. Vision Res 1974; 14: 365-8.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(76)90242-X","article-title":"Gradient detection and contrast transfer by the human eye","volume":"16","author":"van der Wildt GJ; CJ, Keemink; van der Brink G","year":"1976","unstructured":"van der Wildt GJ, Keemink CJ, van der Brink G. Gradient detection and contrast transfer by the human eye. Vision Res 1976; 16:1047-53.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02443825","article-title":"Microprocessor controlled contrast sensitivity measurements","volume":"17","author":"Keemink, C.J.J.; van der Wildt, G.J.; van Deursen, J.B.P.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Keemink CJJ, van der Wildt GJ, van Deursen JBP. Microprocessor controlled contrast sensitivity measurements. Med Biol Eng Comput 1979; 17: 371-8.","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"173","article-title":"Les dyschromatopsies acquises","volume":"190","author":"Verriest, G.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Verriest G. Les dyschromatopsies acquises. Ann Oculist (Paris) 1957; 190:173-8.","journal-title":"Ann Oculist (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"434","article-title":"Visual field defects","volume":"1985","author":"Walsh, T.J.","unstructured":"Walsh TJ. Visual field defects. In: Walsh TJ, ed. Neuroophthalmology: clinical signs and symptoms. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1985: 434-69.","journal-title":"Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; Neuroophthalmology: clinical signs and symptoms"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1057283","article-title":"Visuell evozierte Potentiale. Kontrast Empfindlichkeit und Farbsinn bei Patienten mit Neuritis Nervi Optici und bei Multipele Sclerose","volume":"179","author":"Buerki, E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Buerki E. Visuell evozierte Potentiale. Kontrast Empfindlichkeit und Farbsinn bei Patienten mit Neuritis Nervi Optici und bei Multipele Sclerose. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1981; 179: 161-8.","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.3.205","article-title":"Visual field abnormalities in multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Patterson, V.H.; Heron, JR","year":"1980","unstructured":"Patterson VH, Heron JR. Visual field abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43: 205-8.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76811-4","article-title":"Acquired color vision defects in retrobulbar neuritis","volume":"86","author":"Griffin, J.F.; Wray, S.H.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Griffin JF, Wray SH. Acquired color vision defects in retrobulbar neuritis. Am J Ophthalmol 1978; 86: 193-201.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"21","article-title":"Optic neuritis","author":"Wray, S.H.","unstructured":"Wray SH. Optic neuritis. In: Lessel S, van Dale Dalen JTW, eds. Neuro-ophthalmology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1984: part III: 21-46."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100042876","article-title":"Multiple regression analysis of diagnostic predictors in optic nerve disease","volume":"8","author":"Kirkham, T.H.; Coupland, S.G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kirkham TH, Coupland SG. Multiple regression analysis of diagnostic predictors in optic nerve disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1981; 8:67-72.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"320","article-title":"Colour vision and visually evoked responses in the recovery period of optic neuritis","volume":"17","author":"Wildberger, H.G.H.; van Lith, G.H.M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wildberger HGH, van Lith GHM. Colour vision and visually evoked responses in the recovery period of optic neuritis. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 1976; 17: 320-4.","journal-title":"Mod Probl Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.4.322","article-title":"The effect of temporal frequency variation on threshold contrast sensitivity deficits in optic neuritis","volume":"46","author":"Hess, R.F.; Plant, G.T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hess RF, Plant GT. The effect of temporal frequency variation on threshold contrast sensitivity deficits in optic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 322-30.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.70.12.918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T23:08:45Z","timestamp":1601075325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.70.12.918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.70.12.918","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]]}}}