{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:54:02Z","timestamp":1792043642517,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.5.331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1190152399000},"page":"331-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Corneal ulceration, measles, and childhood blindness in Tanzania."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"I International Agency for Prevention of Blindness. Sir John Wilson, world blindness and its prevention","year":"1980","unstructured":"I International Agency for Prevention of Blindness. Sir John Wilson, world blindness and its prevention. Oxford: University Press, 1980."},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Field guide to the detection and control of xerophthalmia","author":"Sommer, A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sommer A. Field guide to the detection and control of xerophthalmia, Geneva: WHO, 1978."},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Nutritional blindness","author":"Sommer, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sommer A. Nutritional blindness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Strategies for prevention of malnutritional blindness in India, operational methodology, management, monitoring and cost-benefit","author":"Shah, P.M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shah PM. Strategies for prevention of malnutritional blindness in India, operational methodology, management, monitoring and cost-benefit. Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, 1978."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"159","article-title":"Nutritional atlas of India","volume":"67","author":"Gopalan, C.; Vijayaraghavan, K.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gopalan C, Vijayaraghavan K. Nutritional atlas of India. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research, 1971: 67, 159."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"26","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and blindness in Indian children","volume":"67","author":"Reddy, V.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Reddy V. Vitamin A deficiency and blindness in Indian children. Indian J Med Res 1978; 67: (suppl) 26-37.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4","article-title":"Blindness prevention programme in Bangladesh. Assignment Report","volume":"1975","author":"Franken, S.","unstructured":"Franken S. Blindness prevention programme in Bangladesh. Assignment Report. WHOISEA Ophthalmology 1975: 4.","journal-title":"WHOISEA Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.9.665","article-title":"Causes of blindness among students in blind school institutions in a developing country","volume":"60","author":"Chirambo, M.C.; BenEzra, D.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Chirambo MC, BenEzra D. Causes of blindness among students in blind school institutions in a developing country. Br J Ophthalmol 1976; 60: 665-8.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_9","article-title":"Causes of blindness detected in 19 schools for blind in Tanzania. Final Report for Ministry of","author":"Sauter, J.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sauter JJ. Causes of blindness detected in 19 schools for blind in Tanzania. Final Report for Ministry of Health, 1978. Dar-esSalaam, 1978.","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.11.720","article-title":"Corneal ulceration following measles in Nigerian children","volume":"63","author":"Sandford-Smith, J.H.; Whittle, H.C.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sandford-Smith JH, Whittle HC, Corneal ulceration following measles in Nigerian children, Br J Ophthalmol 1979; 63: 720-4.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"The cornea in measles","author":"Dekkers, N.W.H.M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dekkers NWHM. The cornea in measles. The Hague: Junk, 1981."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"115","article-title":"Eye diseases and blindness in relation to vitamin A deficiency in northern Nigeria","volume":"59","author":"Thomson, I.G.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Thomson IG. Eye diseases and blindness in relation to vitamin A deficiency in northern Nigeria. J Trop Med Hyg 1956; 59: 115-61.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"63","key":"ref_13","first-page":"101","article-title":"Nutrition and eye disease in East Africa: experiences in Lake and Central Provinces, Tanganyika","volume":"1960","author":"McLaren, D.S.","unstructured":"McLaren DS, Nutrition and eye disease in East Africa: experiences in Lake and Central Provinces, Tanganyika. J Trop Med Hyg 1960: 63: 101-22.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"197","article-title":"Blindness in the Luapula Valley","volume":"13","author":"Awdry, P.N.; Cobb, B.; Adams, P.C.G.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Awdry PN, Cobb B, Adams PCG. Blindness in the Luapula Valley. CentrAfrJ Med 1967; 13: 197-201.","journal-title":"CentrAfrJ Med"},{"issue":"88","key":"ref_15","first-page":"579","volume":"1968","author":"Cobb, B.; Xerophthalmia, Awdry P.N.","unstructured":"Cobb B, Awdry PN. Xerophthalmia. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1968; 88: 579-85.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"39","article-title":"Measles and xerophthalmia in East Africa","volume":"26","author":"Franken, S.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Franken S, Measles and xerophthalmia in East Africa. Trop Geogr Med 1974; 26: 39-44.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"246","article-title":"Xerophthalmia in Northern Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Oomen, J.M.V.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oomen JMV. Xerophthalmia in Northern Nigeria. Trop Geogr Med 1971; 23: 246-9.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Xerophthalmia and measles in Kenya","author":"Sauter, J.J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sauter JJ. Xerophthalmia and measles in Kenya. Groningen: Van Denderen, 1976."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90132-9","article-title":"Severe ulcerative herpes of the mouth and eye following measles","volume":"73","year":"1979","unstructured":"Whittle HC, Sandford-Smith J, Kogbe 01, Dosseter J, Duggan M. Severe ulcerative herpes of the mouth and eye following measles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979; 73: 66-9.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref_20","first-page":"153","article-title":"Blindness in Africans in Northern Rhodesia","volume":"1961","author":"Philips, C.M.","unstructured":"Philips CM. Blindness in Africans in Northern Rhodesia. Cent AfrJ Med 1961;7: 153-8.","journal-title":"Cent AfrJ Med"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"166","article-title":"Xerophthalmia in Matebeleland","volume":"14","author":"MacManus, E.P.","year":"1968","unstructured":"MacManus EP. Xerophthalmia in Matebeleland. Cent AfrJ Med 1968; 14: 166-70.","journal-title":"Cent AfrJ Med"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"297","article-title":"Severe measles in the tropics. Part 1","volume":"i:","author":"Morley, D.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Morley D. Severe measles in the tropics. Part 1. Br MedJ 1969; i: 297-300."},{"key":"ref_23","article-title":"Field guide for the control of trachoma","author":"Tarizzo, M.L.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tarizzo ML. Field guide for the control of trachoma. Geneva: WHO, 1973."},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"Herpes simplex keratitis. In: Duane TE. Clinical ophthalmology","author":"O'Day, D.M.; Jones, B.R.","year":"19.","unstructured":"O'Day DM, Jones BR. Herpes simplex keratitis. In: Duane TE. Clinical ophthalmology. Hagerstown: Harper and Row, 1980: 4: chapter 19."},{"issue":"123","key":"ref_25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Complications oculaires rares de la rougeole","volume":"1900","author":"Trantas, M.","unstructured":"Trantas M. Complications oculaires rares de la rougeole. Ann Oculist (Paris) 1900; 123: 3t)0.","journal-title":"Ann Oculist (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"88","article-title":"A practical treatise on diseases ofthe eye","author":"MacKenzie, W.","unstructured":"MacKenzie W. A practical treatise on diseases ofthe eye. London: Longman, 1830: 88-199."},{"issue":"19","key":"ref_27","first-page":"283","article-title":"Clinical investigation of xerophthalmia and dysentery in infants and young children","volume":"1921","author":"Bloch, C.E.","unstructured":"Bloch CE. Clinical investigation of xerophthalmia and dysentery in infants and young children. J Hyg (Lond) 1921;:19: 283-30)1.","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"763","article-title":"Hornhauteinschmelzung nach Masern","volume":"129","author":"Blatz, G.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Blatz G. Hornhauteinschmelzung nach Masern. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1956; 129: 763-72.","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref_29","series-title":"Proceedings of the sub-regional setninar on prevention of blindness","article-title":"Focus on blindness in Africa","author":"Foster, A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Foster A. Focus on blindness in Africa. In: Foster A, ed. Proceedings of the sub-regional setninar on prevention of blindness. New York: Helen Keller Institute, 1984: 16."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"383","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity pattern in measles in Tanga district, Tanzania","volume":"27","author":"Gupta, B.M.; Singh, M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gupta BM, Singh M. Mortality and morbidity pattern in measles in Tanga district, Tanzania. Trop Geogr Med 1975; 27: 383-6.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"293","article-title":"The pattern of measles among Africans in a Bantu reserve","volume":"40","author":"Leary, P.M.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Leary PM. The pattern of measles among Africans in a Bantu reserve. S Afr MedJ 1966; 40: 293-5.","journal-title":"S Afr MedJ"},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"A surveillance system for xerophthalmia and childhood corneal ulceration. Bull WHO in press","author":"Foster, A.; Sommer, A.; Kavishc, F.; Taylor, H.R.","unstructured":"Foster A, Sommer A, Kavishc F, Taylor HR. A surveillance system for xerophthalmia and childhood corneal ulceration. Bull WHO in press."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"10","article-title":"Measles and blindness in Nigcrian children","volume":"4","author":"Animashaun, A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Animashaun A. Measles and blindness in Nigcrian children. Niger J Paediatr 1977; 4: 10.","journal-title":"Niger J Paediatr"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(81)90016-7","article-title":"Bilateral herpetic keratitis during measles","volume":"91","author":"Sachs, U.; Marcus, M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sachs U, Marcus M. Bilateral herpetic keratitis during measles. Am J Ophthalmol 1981; 91: 796-7.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"768","article-title":"Traditional attitudes towards measles in the Republic of Mali. Trans R Soc Trop MedHtsg","volume":"63","author":"Impcrato, P.J.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Impcrato PJ. Traditional attitudes towards measles in the Republic of Mali. Trans R Soc Trop MedHtsg 1969; 63: 768-8)."},{"key":"ref_36","article-title":"Preliminary Results of a worldwide inquiry into beliefs associated with measles","author":"Morley, D.; Allen, I.; Martin, W.J.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Morley D, Allen I, Martin WJ. Preliminary Results of a worldwide inquiry into beliefs associated with measles. London: Institute of Child Health, 1966."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030401002","article-title":"Nutritional factors in corncal xcrophthalmia and keratomalacia","volume":"100","author":"Sommer, A.; Muhilhal","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sommer A, Muhilhal. Nutritional factors in corncal xcrophthalmia and keratomalacia. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100: 399-403.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030959013","article-title":"Conjunctival appearance in corneal xerophthalmia","volume":"100","author":"Sommer, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sommer A. Conjunctival appearance in corneal xerophthalmia. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100: 951-2.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_39","first-page":"141","article-title":"Measles and measles vaccine in pre-industrial countries","volume":"1967","author":"Morley, D.C.","unstructured":"Morley DC. Measles and measles vaccine in pre-industrial countries. Mod TrendA Med Virol 1967: 1: 141-61.","journal-title":"Mod TrendA Med Virol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5971.592","article-title":"Whittle tIC. Protein losing cntcropathy and malabsorption in acute mcalses enteritis","volume":"ii:","author":"Dosseter, J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Dosseter J, Whittle tIC. Protein losing cntcropathy and malabsorption in acute mcalses enteritis. Br MedJ 1975; ii: 592-3.","journal-title":"Br MedJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.51.10.649","article-title":"Xerophthalmia and protein malnutrition in Bantu children","volume":"51","author":"Kuming, B.S.; Politzer, W.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kuming BS, Politzer W. Xerophthalmia and protein malnutrition in Bantu children. Br J Ophthalmol 1967; 51: 649-66.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.23.1.24","article-title":"Generalised herpes simplex in malnourished children","volume":"23","author":"Templeton, A.C.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Templeton AC. Generalised herpes simplex in malnourished children. J Clin Pathol 1970; 23: 24-3t).","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)34011-3","article-title":"Update on anti-viral agents","volume":"92","author":"Kaufmann, H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kaufmann H. Update on anti-viral agents. Ophthalmology (Rochester) 1985; 92: 533-6.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology (Rochester)"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Virus pneumonia following measles. A virological and histological study of autopsy material","volume":"50","author":"Kipps, A.; Kasehula, R.O.C.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kipps A, Kasehula ROC. Virus pneumonia following measles. A virological and histological study of autopsy material. S Afr Med J 1976; 50: 1083-8.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"647","article-title":"Fatal disseminated primary herpes virus infection in children: epidemiology based on 93 non-neonatal cases","volume":"41","author":"Kipps, A.; Becker, W.; Wainwright, J.; MacKenzie, D.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kipps A, Becker W, Wainwright J, MacKenzie D. Fatal disseminated primary herpes virus infection in children: epidemiology based on 93 non-neonatal cases. S Afr Med J 1967; 41:647-51.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.6.385","article-title":"Bilateral herpetic keratitis","volume":"65","author":"Wilhelmus, K.R.; Falcon, M.G.; Jones, B.R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wilhelmus KR, Falcon MG, Jones BR. Bilateral herpetic keratitis. Br J Ophthaltnol 1981; 65: 385-7.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthaltnol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.71.5.331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T23:10:41Z","timestamp":1601075441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.71.5.331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,5,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.71.5.331","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,5,1]]}}}