{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:33:22Z","timestamp":1774978402952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.5.300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1190152399000},"page":"300-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Optic nerve hypoplasia in children."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"S. M.","family":"Zeki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. N.","family":"Dutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Other authors have reported another 17 patients with segmental ONH and good visual acuity who were all the offspring of diabetic mothers; most had bilateral inferior altitudinal visual field defects which spared fixation.'4 Several other forms of visual field defects have been reported, including binasal defects, small arcuate defects, and centrocaecal scotomata.34 The relationship of the pattern of the field defects to the underlying","unstructured":"Other authors have reported another 17 patients with segmental ONH and good visual acuity who were all the offspring of diabetic mothers; most had bilateral inferior altitudinal visual field defects which spared fixation.'4 Several other forms of visual field defects have been reported, including binasal defects, small arcuate defects, and centrocaecal scotomata.34 The relationship of the pattern of the field defects to the underlying cause or association has not been established."},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Conclusion ONH should be sought in any child with poor vision or in patients labelled as having amblyopia resistant to occlusion. All children with ONH, particularly those with severe visual loss, and all bilateral cases with impaired vision, should have a careful clinical examination including a CT scan. The general physical examination of the child with special reference to height and weight may indicate the need for investigation of pituitary function and should be performed on all children with an abnormal CT appearance. The frequent association of CNS anomalies and endocrine problems with ONH is an important piece of information which the attendant ophthalmologist must convey to the paediatrician and the family practitioner, with a view to arranging appropriate and early treatment","unstructured":"Conclusion ONH should be sought in any child with poor vision or in patients labelled as having amblyopia resistant to occlusion. All children with ONH, particularly those with severe visual loss, and all bilateral cases with impaired vision, should have a careful clinical examination including a CT scan. The general physical examination of the child with special reference to height and weight may indicate the need for investigation of pituitary function and should be performed on all children with an abnormal CT appearance. The frequent association of CNS anomalies and endocrine problems with ONH is an important piece of information which the attendant ophthalmologist must convey to the paediatrician and the family practitioner, with a view to arranging appropriate and early treatment."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910060185017","article-title":"Hypoplasia of the optic nerve","volume":"96","author":"Mosier, M.A.; Lieberman, M.F.; Green, W.R.; Knox, D.L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mosier MA, Lieberman MF, Green WR, Knox DL. Hypoplasia of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 1437-42.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19790701-06","article-title":"Optic nerve aplasia and hypoplasia","volume":"16","author":"Hotchkiss, M.L.; Green, W.R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hotchkiss ML, Green WR. Optic nerve aplasia and hypoplasia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1979; 16: 225-40.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"409","article-title":"Optic nerve hypoplasia and visual function (a quantitative correlation)","volume":"76","author":"Acers, T.E.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Acers TE. Optic nerve hypoplasia and visual function (a quantitative correlation). J Okla State MedAssoc 1983; 76: 409-13.","journal-title":"J Okla State MedAssoc"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"636","article-title":"Temporal visual field defects associated with nasal hypoplasia of the optic disc","volume":"65","author":"Buchanan, T.A.; Hoyt, W.F.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Buchanan TA, Hoyt WF. Temporal visual field defects associated with nasal hypoplasia of the optic disc. BrJ7 Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 636-40."},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"The development of the human eye","author":"Mann, I.","unstructured":"Mann I. The development of the human eye. 3rd ed. New York: Grune and Stratton 1964: 80.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"System ofophthalmology","author":"Duke-Elder, S.","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S. System ofophthalmology. St Louis: Mosby, 1963: 3."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1941.00870130077008","article-title":"Aplasia of the optic nerve","volume":"26","author":"Scheie, H.C.; Adler, F.H.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Scheie HC, Adler FH. Aplasia of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 1941; 26: 61-70.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19811101-06","article-title":"Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia associated with cerebral atrophy","volume":"18","author":"Roger, G.L.; Brown, D.; Gray, I.; Bremer, D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Roger GL, Brown D, Gray I, Bremer D. Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia associated with cerebral atrophy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1981; 18: 18-22.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030046032","article-title":"Optic nerve hypoplasia in children. Association with anomalies of the endocrine and CNS","volume":"102","author":"Skarf, B.; Hoyt, C.S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Skarf B, Hoyt CS. Optic nerve hypoplasia in children. Association with anomalies of the endocrine and CNS. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 62-7.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(70)92475-X","article-title":"Holoprosencephaly with hypoplasia of the optic nerves, dwarfism and agenesis of the septum pelliucidum","volume":"70","author":"Ellinberger, C.; Runyan, T.E.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ellinberger C, Runyan TE. Holoprosencephaly with hypoplasia of the optic nerves, dwarfism and agenesis of the septum pelliucidum. AmJr Ophthalmol 1970; 70: 960-7.","journal-title":"AmJr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"559","article-title":"Anencephaly related to ocular development and malformation","volume":"64","author":"Anderson, S.; Bro-Rasmussen, F.; Tygstrup, I.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Anderson S, Bro-Rasmussen F, Tygstrup I. Anencephaly related to ocular development and malformation. Amj Ophthalmol 1967; 64: 559-66.","journal-title":"Amj Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902380108","article-title":"Human fetal optic nerve: overproduction and elimination of retinal axons during development","volume":"238","author":"Provis, J.M.; Van Driel, D.; Billson, F.A.; Russel, P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Provis JM, Van Driel D, Billson FA, Russel P. 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