{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:11:31Z","timestamp":1771546291460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.7.555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1190152399000},"page":"555-559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Muscarinic receptor M1 and M2 subtypes in the human eye: QNB, pirenzipine, oxotremorine, and AFDX-116 in vitro autoradiography."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Drance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Rootman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M S","family":"Cynader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"The mode of action of miotics on outflow resistance. A study of pilocarpine in the vervet monkey Cercopithecus ethiops. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1966; 86: 539. Muscarinic receptor MI and M2 subtypes in the human eye: QNB, pirenzipine, oxotremorine, and AFDX-116 in vitro autoradiography","author":"Barany, E.H.","unstructured":"Barany EH. The mode of action of miotics on outflow resistance. A study of pilocarpine in the vervet monkey Cercopithecus ethiops. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1966; 86: 539. Muscarinic receptor MI and M2 subtypes in the human eye: QNB, pirenzipine, oxotremorine, and AFDX-116 in vitro autoradiography"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"793","article-title":"Loss of acute pilocarpine effect on outflow facility following surgical disinsertion and retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur in the cynomolgus monkey","volume":"15","author":"Kaufman, P.L.; Barany, E.H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kaufman PL, Barany EH. Loss of acute pilocarpine effect on outflow facility following surgical disinsertion and retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur in the cynomolgus monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1976; 15: 793-807.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"558","article-title":"Residual pilocarpine effects on outflow facility after ciliary muscle disinsertion in the cynomolgus monkey","volume":"15","author":"Kaufman, P.L.; Barany, E.H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kaufman PL, Barany EH. Residual pilocarpine effects on outflow facility after ciliary muscle disinsertion in the cynomolgus monkey. Invest Ophthalmol 1976; 15: 558-61.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"\"731","article-title":"The binding properties of the muscarinic receptors of the cynomolgus monkey ciliary body and the response to the induction ofagonist subsensitivity","volume":"77","author":"Barany, E.H.; Berrie, C.P.; Birdsall, N.J.M.; Burgen, A.S.V.; Hulme, E.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Barany EH, Berrie CP, Birdsall NJM, Burgen ASV, Hulme EC. The binding properties of the muscarinic receptors of the cynomolgus monkey ciliary body and the response to the induction ofagonist subsensitivity. BrJPharmacol 1982; 77: 731-9. 5a Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL, Polansky JR. Ciliary muscle muscarinic binding sites, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase in aging rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 2431-6.","journal-title":"BrJPharmacol; Ciliary muscle muscarinic binding sites, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase in aging rhesus monkeys"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"257","article-title":"Selectivity ofmuscarinic antagonists in radioligand and in vivo experiments for the putative Ml, M2, and M3 receptors","volume":"242","author":"Doods, H.N.; Mathy, M.J.; Davidesko, D.; van Charldorp, K.J.; de Jonge, A.; van Zwieten, P.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Doods HN, Mathy MJ, Davidesko D, van Charldorp KJ, de Jonge A, van Zwieten PA. Selectivity ofmuscarinic antagonists in radioligand and in vivo experiments for the putative Ml, M2, and M3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 242: 257-62.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90066-2","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor subtype Ml and M2: biochemical and functional characterization","volume":"31","author":"Hammer, R.; Giachetti, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hammer R, Giachetti A. Muscarinic receptor subtype Ml and M2: biochemical and functional characterization. Life Sci 1982; 31:2991.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90410-8","article-title":"Cardioselective profile ofAFDX-1 16, a muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist","volume":"38","author":"Giachetti, A.; Micheletti, R.; Montagna, E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Giachetti A, Micheletti R, Montagna E. Cardioselective profile ofAFDX-1 16, a muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist. LifeSci 1986; 38: 1663-72.","journal-title":"LifeSci"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor heterogeneity in rat central nervous system. II. Brain receptors labeled by [3H]oxotremorine-M correspond to heterogeneous M2 receptors with very high affinity for agonists","volume":"32","author":"Gillard, M.; Wailbroeck, M.; Christophe, J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillard M, Wailbroeck M, Christophe J. Muscarinic receptor heterogeneity in rat central nervous system. II. Brain receptors labeled by [3H]oxotremorine-M correspond to heterogeneous M2 receptors with very high affinity for agonists. Mol Pharmnacol 1987; 32: 100-8.","journal-title":"Mol Pharmnacol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90031-2","article-title":"Distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain as determined in binding studies with AFDX-1 16 and pirenzipine","volume":"40","author":"Giraldo, E.; Hammer, R.; Ladinsky, H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Giraldo E, Hammer R, Ladinsky H. Distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain as determined in binding studies with AFDX-1 16 and pirenzipine. Life Sci 1986; 40: 833-40.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3037705","article-title":"Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes","volume":"237","author":"Bonner, T.I.; Buckley, N.J.; Young, A.C.; Brann, M.R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bonner TI, Buckley NJ, Young AC, Brann MR. Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. Science 1987; 237: 527-32.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"469","article-title":"Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-kl cells","volume":"35","author":"Buckley, N.J.; Bonner, T.I.; Buckley, C.M.; Brann, M.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buckley NJ, Bonner TI, Buckley CM, Brann MR. Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-kl cells. Mol Pharmacol 1989; 35: 469-76.","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"211","article-title":"Neuroactive molecules recent advances and future prospects","volume-title":"Pharmacology of glaucoma","author":"Gupta, N.; Cynader, M.S.; Drance, S.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gupta N, Cynader MS, Drance SM, Neuroactive molecules recent advances and future prospects. In: Drance SM, Neufeld A, Van Buskirk EM, eds. Pharmacology of glaucoma. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1992; 211-30."},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Localisation of M3 muscarinic receptor subtype and mRNA in the human eye","author":"Gupta, N.; Drance, S.M.; McAllister, R.; Prasad, S.; Rootman, J.; Cynader, M.S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gupta N, Drance SM, McAllister R, Prasad S, Rootman J, Cynader MS. Localisation of M3 muscarinic receptor subtype and mRNA in the human eye. Ophthalmic Res 1994; in press.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(81)90315-3","article-title":"Receptor autoradiography with tritium-sensitive film: potential for computerized densitometry","volume":"25","author":"Palacios, J.M.; Niehoff, D.L.; Kuhar, M.J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Palacios JM, Niehoff DL, Kuhar MJ. Receptor autoradiography with tritium-sensitive film: potential for computerized densitometry. Neurosci Lett 1981; 25: 101-5.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90157-T","article-title":"The distribution of the MI and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the developing cat visual cortex","volume":"56","author":"Prusky, G.; Cynader, M.C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Prusky G, Cynader MC. The distribution of the MI and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the developing cat visual cortex. Dev Brain Res 1990; 56: 1-12.","journal-title":"Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"149","article-title":"Cholinergics","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology: pharmacology of the eye","volume":"69","author":"Kaufman, P.L.; Wiedman, T.; Robinson, JR","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kaufman PL, Wiedman T, Robinson JR. Cholinergics. In: Sears ML, ed. Handbook of experimental pharmacology: pharmacology of the eye. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984; 69:149-91."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(90)90224-I","article-title":"Dissociation between the effect of aceclidine on outflow facility and accommodation","volume":"50","author":"Erickson-Lamy, K.; Schroeder, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Erickson-Lamy K, Schroeder A. Dissociation between the effect of aceclidine on outflow facility and accommodation. Exp Eye Res 1990; 50: 143-7.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"169","article-title":"Histochemical differences within the ciliary muscle and its function in accommodation","volume":"31","author":"Elugel, C.; Lutien-Drecoll, E.; Barany, E.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elugel C, Lutien-Drecoll E, Barany EH. Histochemical differences within the ciliary muscle and its function in accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 1990; 31: 169.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl)"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"515","article-title":"Autoradiographic identification of muscarinic receptors in human iris smooth muscle","volume":"38","author":"Hutchins, J.B.; Hollyfield, J.G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hutchins JB, Hollyfield JG. Autoradiographic identification of muscarinic receptors in human iris smooth muscle. Exp EyeRes 1984; 38: 515-21.","journal-title":"Exp EyeRes"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"517","article-title":"Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in isolated non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells","volume":"4","author":"Polansky, JR, Zlock; D, Brasier; A, Bloom; E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Polansky JR, Zlock D, Brasier A, Bloom E. Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in isolated non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. CurrEyeRes 1985; 4: 517-22.","journal-title":"CurrEyeRes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90396-3","article-title":"Autoradiographic localization of high affinity GABA, benzodiazepine, dopaminergic, adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat, monkey, and human retina","volume":"374","author":"Zarbin, M.A.; Wamsley, J.K.; Palacios, J.M.; Kuhar, M.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zarbin MA, Wamsley JK, Palacios JM, Kuhar MJ. Autoradiographic localization of high affinity GABA, benzodiazepine, dopaminergic, adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat, monkey, and human retina. Brain Res 1986; 374: 75-92.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90151-4","article-title":"Characterization of Ml - and M2-muscariic receptors in calfretina membranes","volume":"28","author":"Vanderheyden, P.; Ebinger, G.; Vauquelin, G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vanderheyden P, Ebinger G, Vauquelin G. Characterization of Ml - and M2-muscariic receptors in calfretina membranes. Vis Res 1988; 28: 247-50.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"833","article-title":"Expression of muscarinic receptor mRNA in cultured ciliary muscle cells","volume":"32","author":"Erickson-Lamy, K.A.; Chen, M.C.; Hernandez, M.R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Erickson-Lamy KA, Chen MC, Hernandez MR. Expression of muscarinic receptor mRNA in cultured ciliary muscle cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 1991; 32: 833.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl)"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1200","article-title":"Further characterization of muscarinic receptor subtype mRNA in the human ciliary muscle","volume":"33","author":"Zhang, X.; Hernandez, M.B.; Chang, M.C.; Erickson-Lamy, K.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zhang X, Hernandez MB, Chang MC, Erickson-Lamy KA. Further characterization of muscarinic receptor subtype mRNA in the human ciliary muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 1992; 33: 1200.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl)"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"168","article-title":"Evidence for several muscarinic receptor subtypes in the human eye","volume":"30","author":"Gupta, N.; Shaw, C.; White, V.; Rootman, J.; Cynader, M.C.; Drance, S.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gupta N, Shaw C, White V, Rootman J, Cynader MC, Drance SM. Evidence for several muscarinic receptor subtypes in the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 1989; 30: 168.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl)"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"364","article-title":"Characterization of muscarinic receptors in human ciliary and iris smooth muscle cells by ligand binding and biochemical response studies","volume":"2","author":"Woldemussie, E.; Feldmann, B.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Woldemussie E, Feldmann B. Characterization of muscarinic receptors in human ciliary and iris smooth muscle cells by ligand binding and biochemical response studies. FASEBJ 1988; 2: A364.","journal-title":"FASEBJ"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"590","article-title":"M3 muscarinic receptor subtype predominates in the bovine iris sphincter smooth muscle and ciliary processes","volume":"31","author":"Honkanen, R.E.; Howard, E.F.; Abdel-Latif, A.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Honkanen RE, Howard EF, Abdel-Latif AA. M3 muscarinic receptor subtype predominates in the bovine iris sphincter smooth muscle and ciliary processes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 590-3.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"338","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor subtype involved in signalling mechanisms in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"31","author":"Woldemussie, E.; Ruiz, G.; Feldmann, B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Woldemussie E, Ruiz G, Feldmann B. Muscarinic receptor subtype involved in signalling mechanisms in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 1990; 31: 338.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl)"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Inhibition of outflow facility and accommodative and miotic responses to pilocarpine in rhesus monkeys by muscarinic receptor subtype antagonists","volume":"263","author":"Gabelt, B.T.; Kaufman, P.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL. Inhibition of outflow facility and accommodative and miotic responses to pilocarpine in rhesus monkeys by muscarinic receptor subtype antagonists. J PhartnacolExp Ther 1992; 263: 1133-9.","journal-title":"J PhartnacolExp Ther"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.78.7.555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:24:51Z","timestamp":1601115891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.78.7.555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,7,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.78.7.555","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,7,1]]}}}