{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:50:55Z","timestamp":1782730255000,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.2.166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1190152399000},"page":"166-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Techniques of facial nerve block."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Schimek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Fahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","year":"1994","unstructured":"September 1994"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"696","article-title":"Die Lindakinesie nach unterschiedlichen Techniken der Facialisblockade","volume":"87","author":"Schimek, F.; Steuhl, K.P.; Fahle, M.; Thiel, H.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schimek F, Steuhl KP, Fahle M, Thiel HJ. Die Lindakinesie nach unterschiedlichen Techniken der Facialisblockade. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1990; 87: 696-702.","journal-title":"Fortschr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"55","key":"ref_3","first-page":"555","article-title":"Blocking of the main trunk of the facial nerve in cataract operations based on experience of over 150 cases","volume":"1926","author":"Wright, R.E.","unstructured":"Wright RE. Blocking of the main trunk of the facial nerve in cataract operations based on experience of over 150 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1926; 55: 555-9.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"105","article-title":"Total facial nerve palsy following modified O'Brien facial nerve block","volume":"7","author":"Spaeth, G.L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spaeth GL. Total facial nerve palsy following modified O'Brien facial nerve block. Ophthalmic Surg 1987; 7: 105-9.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050100022003","article-title":"Respiratory obstruction following the Nadbath facial nerve block","volume":"103","author":"ChA, Wilson; RS, Ruiz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wilson ChA, Ruiz RS. Respiratory obstruction following the Nadbath facial nerve block. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1454-6.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050200020011","article-title":"Complication of the Nadbath facial nerve block","volume":"104","author":"Shoch, D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shoch D. Complication of the Nadbath facial nerve block. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 1114-5.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050200021012","article-title":"Respiratory obstruction following the Nadbath facial nerve block","volume":"104","author":"Rabinowitz, L.; Livingston, M.; Schneider, H.; Hall, A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rabinowitz L, Livingston M, Schneider H, Hall A. Respiratory obstruction following the Nadbath facial nerve block. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 1115.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050150031013","article-title":"Cord paralysis after Nadbath facial nerve block","volume":"104","author":"Coper, H.F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coper HF. Cord paralysis after Nadbath facial nerve block. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 337.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"420","article-title":"Paralysie palpebrale temporaire provoquee dans l'operation de la cataracte","volume":"151","author":"van Lint H","year":"1914","unstructured":"van Lint H. Paralysie palpebrale temporaire provoquee dans l'operation de la cataracte. Ann Ocul 1914; 151: 420-4."},{"issue":"43","key":"ref_10","first-page":"23","article-title":"II faut toujours paralyser les paupieres dans l'operation de la cataracte","volume":"1921","author":"van Lint H","unstructured":"van Lint H. II faut toujours paralyser les paupieres dans l'operation de la cataracte. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1921; 43: 23-8.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"177","article-title":"Paralysie temporaire des paupieres dans l'operation de la cataracte","volume":"1919","author":"Villard, M.","unstructured":"Villard M. Paralysie temporaire des paupieres dans l'operation de la cataracte. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1919: 177-80.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr"},{"issue":"65","key":"ref_12","first-page":"177","article-title":"Akinesie bei Augenoperationen","volume":"1920","author":"Rochat, G.F.","unstructured":"Rochat GF. Akinesie bei Augenoperationen. Kin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1920; 65: 177-81.","journal-title":"Kin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"44","article-title":"L'operation de la cataracte","volume":"53","author":"Rubbrecht, M.","year":"1927","unstructured":"Rubbrecht M. L'operation de la cataracte. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1927; 53: 44-53.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"105","article-title":"A new method to achieve complete akinesia of the facial muscles of the eyelids","volume":"7","author":"Speath, G.L.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Speath GL. A new method to achieve complete akinesia of the facial muscles of the eyelids. Ophthalmic Surg 1976; 7: 105-9.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"issue":"90","key":"ref_15","first-page":"8","article-title":"Local anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery","volume":"1928","author":"O'Brien, C.S.","unstructured":"O'Brien CS. Local anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery. JAMA 1928; 90: 8-13.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_16","first-page":"447","article-title":"Akinesis during cataract extraction","volume":"1929","author":"O'Brien, C.S.","unstructured":"O'Brien CS. Akinesis during cataract extraction. Arch Ophthalmol 1929; 1: 447-9.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1934.00830150094012","article-title":"Local anesthesia","volume":"12","author":"O'Brien, C.S.","year":"1934","unstructured":"O'Brien CS. Local anesthesia. Arch Ophthalmol 1934; 12: 240-53.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(53)92293-4","article-title":"Akinesia of the orbicularis","volume":"36","author":"Atkinson, W.S.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Atkinson WS. Akinesia of the orbicularis. Am J Ophthalmol 1953; 36: 1255-8.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"376","article-title":"Observations on anesthesia for ocular surgery","volume":"1956","author":"Atkinson, W.S.","unstructured":"Atkinson WS. Observations on anesthesia for ocular surgery. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1956: 376-80.","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"51","key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"The development of ophthalmic anesthesia","volume":"1961","author":"Atkinson, W.S.","unstructured":"Atkinson WS. The development of ophthalmic anesthesia. Am Y Ophthalmol 1961; 51: 1-14.","journal-title":"Am Y Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(64)92050-1","article-title":"Facial nerve block","volume":"57","author":"Atkinson, W.S.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Atkinson WS. Facial nerve block. Am Y Ophthalmol 1964; 57: 144-5.","journal-title":"Am Y Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"56","article-title":"Akinesia of the orbicularis","volume-title":"Anesthesia in ophthalmology","author":"Atkinson, W.S.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Atkinson WS. Akinesia of the orbicularis. In: Atkinson WS, ed. Anesthesia in ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1965: 56-63.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_23","first-page":"445","article-title":"Blocking of the facial nerve in cataract operations","volume":"1921","author":"Wright, R.E.","unstructured":"Wright RE. Blocking of the facial nerve in cataract operations. Am Y Ophthalmol 1921; 4: 445-6.","journal-title":"Am Y Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref_24","first-page":"178","article-title":"A method for monitoring muscular relaxation by the integrated abdominal electromyogram","volume":"1960","author":"Fink, B.R.","unstructured":"Fink BR. A method for monitoring muscular relaxation by the integrated abdominal electromyogram. Anesthesiology 1960; 21: 178-85.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"976","article-title":"Integration and analysis of the electromyogram and related techniques","volume-title":"of volumtary muscle","author":"Lenman, J.A.R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lenman JAR. Integration and analysis of the electromyogram and related techniques. In: Walton J Sir, ed. Disorders of volumtary muscle. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1981: 976-1007.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"249","article-title":"Clinical electromyography","volume-title":"in clinical neurology","author":"Aminoff, M.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aminoff MJ. Clinical electromyography. In: Aminoff MJ, ed. Electrodiagnosis in clinical neurology. 3rd ed. New York: Livingstone, 1992: 249-81.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"52","key":"ref_27","first-page":"438","volume":"1938","author":"Muller, H.K.; Lidkraftmesser, Droescher J.Ein","unstructured":"Muller HK, Droescher J. Ein Lidkraftmesser. Bericht der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 1938; 52: 438-40.","journal-title":"Bericht der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"Principles of clinical measurement","author":"Sykes, M.K.; Vickers, M.D.; Hull, C.J.","unstructured":"Sykes MK, Vickers MD, Hull CJ. Principles of clinical measurement. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981:19.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"385","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves","volume":"102","author":"Davis, R.A.; Anson, B.J.; Budinger, J.M.; le Kurth, R.E.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Davis RA, Anson BJ, Budinger JM, le Kurth RE. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1956; 102: 385-412.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"746","article-title":"Akinesia of the facial nerve: a laboratory investigation of the surgical anatomy","volume":"66","author":"Ellis, G.S.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ellis GS. Akinesia of the facial nerve: a laboratory investigation of the surgical anatomy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1968; 66: 746-87.","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.30.11.668","article-title":"Surgical anantomy of the facial nerve with reference to the technique of orbicularis block (palpebral akinesia)","volume":"30","author":"Klein, M.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Klein M. Surgical anantomy of the facial nerve with reference to the technique of orbicularis block (palpebral akinesia). Bry Ophthalmol 1946; 30: 668-75.","journal-title":"Bry Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(63)91664-7","article-title":"Facial nerve block","volume":"55","author":"Nadbath, R.P.; Rehman, I.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Nadbath RP, Rehman I. Facial nerve block. Am Y Ophthalmol 1963; 55: 143-6.","journal-title":"Am Y Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"41","article-title":"Le plexus parotidien du facial. Annales d'anatomiepathologique 1935; 12","author":"Tortella, E.P.","unstructured":"Tortella EP. Le plexus parotidien du facial. Annales d'anatomiepathologique 1935; 12: 41-50."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"620","article-title":"The surgical anatomy of the facial nerve with special reference to the parotid gland","volume":"80","author":"McCormack, U.; Cauldwell, E.W.; Anson, B.J.","year":"1945","unstructured":"McCormack U, Cauldwell EW, Anson BJ. The surgical anatomy of the facial nerve with special reference to the parotid gland. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1945; 80: 620-30.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"183","article-title":"The parotid gland in relation to the facial nerve","volume-title":"YAnat","volume":"82","author":"McKenzie, J.","year":"1948","unstructured":"McKenzie J. The parotid gland in relation to the facial nerve. YAnat 1948; 82: 183-6."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1968.00770010266010","article-title":"Topography of the facial nerve","volume":"88","author":"Harris, W.D.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Harris WD. Topography of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1968; 88: 62-4.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"245","article-title":"The surgical anatomy of the parotid gland","volume":"2","author":"Bailey, H.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Bailey H. The surgical anatomy of the parotid gland. BrMedJY 1948; 2: 245-8.","journal-title":"BrMedJY"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07020.x","article-title":"Local anaesthesia for eye surgery without a facial nerve block","volume":"48","author":"Sanches-Capuchino, A.; Meadows, D.; Morgan, L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sanches-Capuchino A, Meadows D, Morgan L. Local anaesthesia for eye surgery without a facial nerve block. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 428-3 1.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"93","article-title":"Blockade of the orbicularis oculi","volume":"3","author":"Zahl, K.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zahl K. Blockade of the orbicularis oculi. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America 1990; 3: 93-100.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"168","key":"ref_40","first-page":"653","article-title":"Acinesie du droit superieur et de l6rbiculaire par voie conjunctivale","volume":"1931","author":"Terson, A.","unstructured":"Terson A. Acinesie du droit superieur et de l6rbiculaire par voie conjunctivale. Ann Oculist 1931; 168: 653-9.","journal-title":"Ann Oculist"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"22","article-title":"An atlas of ophthalmic surgery","author":"Berens, C.; King, J.H.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Berens C, King JH. An atlas of ophthalmic surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1961: 22-5."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"132","article-title":"Regional ophthalmic anesthesia","author":"Grizzard, W.S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grizzard WS. Regional ophthalmic anesthesia. In: Gills JP, Hustead RF, Sanders DR, eds. Ophthalmic anesthesia. Thorofare: Slack, 1993: 132-3."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"141","article-title":"The Wichita technique","author":"Hustead, R.F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hustead RF. The Wichita technique. In: Gillis JP, Hustead RF, Sanders DR, eds. Ophthalmic anesthesia. Thorofare: Slack, 1993: 141-5."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"24","article-title":"Therapeutique chirurgicale ophthalmologique","author":"Duverger, C.; Velter, E.; Bregeat, P.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Duverger C, Velter E, Bregeat P. Therapeutique chirurgicale ophthalmologique. 2nd ed. Paris: Masson, 1950: 24-56.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32385-0","article-title":"Bicarbonatebuffered lidocaine-epinephrine-hyaluronidase for eye lid anesthesia","volume":"97","author":"Eccarius, S.C.; Gordon, M.E.; Parelman, J.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eccarius SC, Gordon ME, Parelman JJ. Bicarbonatebuffered lidocaine-epinephrine-hyaluronidase for eye lid anesthesia. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 1499-501.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"414","article-title":"Orbicular muscle akinesia: a comparison, using electromyography, of three techniques","volume":"23","author":"Ropo, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ropo A. Orbicular muscle akinesia: a comparison, using electromyography, of three techniques. Ophthalmic Surg 1992; 23: 414-7.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03009472","article-title":"Orbicular muscle akinesia in regional ophthalmic anaesthesia with pH-adjusted bupivacaine: effects of hyaluronidase and epinephrine","volume":"40","author":"Sarvela, J.; Nikki, P.; Paloheimo, M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sarvela J, Nikki P, Paloheimo M. Orbicular muscle akinesia in regional ophthalmic anaesthesia with pH-adjusted bupivacaine: effects of hyaluronidase and epinephrine. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 1028-33.","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1971.00770060061005","article-title":"Anatomy of the mastoid portion of the facial nerve","volume":"93","author":"Kullman, G.L.; Dyck, P.J.; Cody, P.J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kullman GL, Dyck PJ, Cody PJ. Anatomy of the mastoid portion of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1971; 93: 29-33.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.38.9.560","article-title":"Strength of the orbicularis oculi","volume":"38","author":"Jacobs, H.B.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Jacobs HB. Strength of the orbicularis oculi. Br Y Ophthalmol 1954; 38: 560-6.","journal-title":"Br Y Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"297","article-title":"Experimental hypertrophic neuropathy: change in fascicular area and fiber spectrum after acute crush injury","volume-title":"Mayo Clin Proc 1968","volume":"43","unstructured":"Nichols PC, Dyck PJ, Miller DR. Experimental hypertrophic neuropathy: change in fascicular area and fiber spectrum after acute crush injury. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43: 297-305."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1977.tb01208.x","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anaesthesia. An experimental study of the acute effects of needle point trauma","volume":"21","author":"Selander, D.; Dhuner, K.G.; Lundborg, G.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Selander D, Dhuner KG, Lundborg G. Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anaesthesia. An experimental study of the acute effects of needle point trauma. ActaAnaesth Scand 1977; 21: 182-8.","journal-title":"ActaAnaesth Scand"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1979.tb01432.x","article-title":"Local anesthetics: importance of mode of application, concentration and adrenaline for appearance of nerve lesions","volume":"23","author":"Selander, D.; Brattsand, R.; Lundborg, G.; Nordborg, C.; Olson, Y.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Selander D, Brattsand R, Lundborg G, Nordborg C, Olson Y. Local anesthetics: importance of mode of application, concentration and adrenaline for appearance of nerve lesions. Acta Anaesth Scand 1979; 23: 127-36.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesth Scand"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.79.2.166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:26:06Z","timestamp":1601115966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjo.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjo.79.2.166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.79.2.166","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]}}}