{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:05:35Z","timestamp":1789639535164,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The frequency and nature of exertion pains of the leg in athletes were studied in 2,750 cases of overuse injuries treated at the Sports Clinic of the Deaconess Institute of Oulu, Finland, during the years 1972-1977. 465 cases of exertion pain (18%) were located in the shin. The medial tibial syndrome was the most common overuse injury among these athletes, comprising 9.5% of all exertion injuries and 60% of the leg exertion pains. Together with stress fracture of the tibia, the second most common exertion pain of the leg, it accounted for 75% of the total leg pains. There are certain difficulties in differentiating between the medial tibial syndrome and stress fracture of the tibia. They both occur at the same site with similar symptoms. Radiological examination and isotope scanning are needed. The medial tibial syndrome is an overuse injury at the medial tibial border caused by running exercises. The pain is elicited by exertional ischaemia. The pathogenesis is explained by increased pressure in the fascial compartment of the deep flexor muscles due to prolonged exercise. Similar chronic ischaemic pains from exercise are also found in other fascial compartments of the leg, especially in the anterior compartment. The only treatment needed for stress fractures is rest from training. Fascial compartment pains also usually subside. If chronic fascial syndromes prevent training, fasciotomy is recommended as a reliable method to restore the athlete to normal training without pains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.13.3.92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:52:31Z","timestamp":1229388751000},"page":"92-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Athletes' leg pains."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Orava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Puranen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1979,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Factors in delayed muscle soreness.","volume":"9","author":"Abraham, W.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Abraham, W. M., 1977 \"Factors in delayed muscle soreness.\" Med.Sci.Sports 9: 11-20. AMA: \"Standard Nomenclature of athletic injuries.\" American Medical Association, Chicago, 1976.","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports; AMA: \"Standard Nomenclature of athletic injuries"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1697","article-title":"A prospective study on the management of shin splints.","volume":"56","author":"Andrish, J.T.; Bergfeld, J.A.; Waldheim, J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Andrish, J. T., Bergfeld, J. A. and Waldheim, J. 1976 \"A prospective study on the management of shin splints.\" J.Bone Jt.Surg. 56-A: 1697-1699.","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/rhe1.1956.2.issue-1-4.12","article-title":"Observations on experimental muscular soreness.","volume":"2","author":"Asmussen, E.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Asmussen, E., 1956 \"Observations on experimental muscular soreness.\" Acta Rheum.Scand. 2: 109-116.","journal-title":"Acta Rheum. Scand"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"289","article-title":"Anterior tibial compartment syndrome.","volume":"136","author":"Bradley, E.L.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bradley, E. L., 1973 \"Anterior tibial compartment syndrome.\" Surg.Gynaec.Obst. 136: 289-297.","journal-title":"Surg. Gynaec. Obst"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"96","article-title":"\"Muscle compartment syndromes in athletes.\" Nordisk ldrettsmedisinsk Kongress","author":"Brosjo, O.; Eriksson, E.; Jansson, E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brosjo, O., Eriksson, E. and Jansson, E., 1977 \"Muscle compartment syndromes in athletes.\" Nordisk ldrettsmedisinsk Kongress, Beitostolen, Norway, Proceedings 96-100."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657400200402","article-title":"1974 \"Injuries to runners.\"","volume":"2","author":"Brubacker, C.E.; James, S.L.","unstructured":"Brubacker, C. E. and James, S. L., 1974 \"Injuries to runners.\" Amer.J.Sports Med. 2: 189-198.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657400200203","article-title":"Tibial stress syndrome in athletes.","volume":"2","author":"Clement, D.B.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Clement, D. 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VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"237","article-title":"Ein Beitrag zur Klinik und Histologie der Muskelhirten (Myogelosen).","volume":"80","author":"Glogowski, G.; Wallraff, J.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Glogowski, G. and Wallraff, J., 1951 \"Ein Beitrag zur Klinik und Histologie der Muskelhirten (Myogelosen).\" Z.Orthop. 80: 237-268.","journal-title":"Z. Orthop"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32340-3","article-title":"Biomechanics of running.","volume":"4","author":"James, S.L.; Brubacker, C.E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"James, S. L. and Brubacker, C. E., 1973 \"Biomechanics of running.\" Orthop.Clin. N A 4: 605-615.","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N A"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"121","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of mechanical and electrical changes during fatigue loading of eccentric and concentric work.","volume":"3","author":"Komi, P.V.; Rusko, H.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Komi, P. V. and Rusko, H., 1974 \"Quantitative evaluation of mechanical and electrical changes during fatigue loading of eccentric and concentric work.\" Scand.J.Rehabil.Med.Suppl. 3: 121-126.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. Suppl"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"58","article-title":"Athlete exertion injuries.","volume":"67","author":"Orava, S.; Puranen, J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Orava, S. and Puranen, J., 1978 \"Athlete exertion injuries.\" Ann.Chir.Gynaecol. 67: 58-65.","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677809005718","article-title":"Stress fractures caused by physical exercise.","volume":"49","author":"Orava, S.; Puranen, J.; Ala-Ketola, L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Orava, S., Puranen, J. and Ala-Ketola, L., 1978 \"Stress fractures caused by physical exercise.\" Acta orthop.scand. 49: 19-27.","journal-title":"Acta orthop.scand"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.56B4.712","article-title":"Exercise ischaemia in the medial fascial compartment.","volume":"58","author":"Puranen, J.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Puranen, J., 1974 \"Exercise ischaemia in the medial fascial compartment.\" J.Bone Jt.Surg. 58-B: 712-715.","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. 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Umschau"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(67)90410-2","article-title":"The shin splint syndrome. Medical aspects and differential diagnosis.","volume":"114","author":"Slocum, D.B.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Slocum, D. B., 1967 \"The shin splint syndrome. Medical aspects and differential diagnosis.\" Amer.J.Surg. 114: 875-881.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Surg"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657500300204","article-title":"Intermittent claudication in athletes.","volume":"3","author":"Snook, G.A.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Snook, G. A., 1975. \"Intermittent claudication in athletes.\" Amer.J.Sports Med. 3: 71-75.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"101","article-title":"\"Traksjonsperiostitis tibia - shin splint.\" Nordisk ldrettsmedisinisk Kongress","author":"Westlin, N.E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Westlin, N. E., 1977 \"Traksjonsperiostitis tibia - shin splint.\" Nordisk ldrettsmedisinisk Kongress, Beitostolen, Norway, Proceedings: 101-106."},{"issue":"121-1","key":"ref_22","first-page":"23","article-title":"Closed compartment-syndrom i nedre extremiteten.","volume":"74","author":"Wiklund, P.-E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wiklund, P-E., 1977 \"Closed compartment-syndrom i nedre extremiteten.\" Lakartidn. 74: 121-1 23.","journal-title":"Lakartidn"},{"key":"ref_23","article-title":"Sports Medicine","author":"Williams, J.G.P.; Sperryn, P.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Williams, J. G. P. and Sperryn, P. N. (ed.), 1976. Sports Medicine, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold, London.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"13","key":"ref_24","article-title":"The diagram below relates","volume-title":"regrets that a second copy of the somatogram of Fig. 1 was included; of the article by","volume":"73","author":"Reilly, T.","unstructured":"The diagram below relates to Fig. 2 on Page 73, Vol. 13, No. 2 of the article by T. Reilly, J. Hopkins and N. Howlett. The editor regrets that a second copy of the somatogram of Fig. 1 was included inadvertently instead of this graph."}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.13.3.92","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T17:32:22Z","timestamp":1715621542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.13.3.92"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1979,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.13.3.92"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.13.3.92","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,9]]}}}