{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:23:21Z","timestamp":1791973401847,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>To assess if ultrasound guided autologous blood injection is an effective treatment for medial epicondylitis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>Twenty patients (13 men, 7 women) with refractory medial epicondylitis with symptom duration of 12 months underwent sonographic evaluation. Tendinosis was confirmed according to three sonographic criteria: echo texture, interstitial tears and neovascularity. The tendon was then dry needled and autologous blood was injected. Patients were reviewed at 4 weeks and at 10 months. VAS scores and modified Nirschl scores were assessed pre-procedure and post-procedure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>There was significant reduction in VAS pain score between pre-procedure and 10 months post-procedure when it had a median (IQR) of 1.00 (1\u20131.75), range 0\u20137. The median (IQR) Nirschl score, which at pre-procedure was 6.00 (5\u20137), range 4\u20137, had decreased at 4 weeks to 4.00 (2.25\u20135), range 2\u20137, and at 10 months to 1.00 (1\u20131.75), range 0\u20137, revealing a significant decrease (z\u200a=\u200a3.763, p&lt;0.001). The hypo-echoic change in the flexor tendon significantly decreased between pre-procedure, when there was a mean (SD) of 6.45 (1.47), and at 10 months, when it was 3.85 (2.37) (p&lt;0.001). Doppler ultrasound showed that neovascularity decreased between pre-procedure, when there was a mean (SD) of 6.10 (1.62), range 4\u20139, and at 10 months, when it was 3.60 (2.56), range 0\u20139 (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>The combined action of dry needling and autologous blood injection under ultrasound guidance appears to be an effective treatment for refractory medial epicondylitis as demonstrated by a significant decrease in VAS pain and a fall in the modified Nirschl scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.029983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]],"date-time":"2006-09-22T00:53:33Z","timestamp":1158886413000},"page":"935-939","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"S 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