{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:42:03Z","timestamp":1790354523086,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, the concept of internal impingement has continued to evolve, and the frequency with which this condition is recognised continues to increase. This syndrome should be clearly differentiated from the classical (external) impingement that is thought to be caused by compression of the subacromial bursa, long head of the biceps tendon and rotator cuff (RC) by the coraco-acromial arch. Internal (posterosuperior) impingement syndrome is typified by a painful shoulder due to impingement of the soft tissue, including the RC, joint capsule and the posterosuperior part of the glenoid. The aetiology of this syndrome is unclear, but hypotheses include anterior shoulder instability or micro-instability, contracture of the posterior capsule, reduced humeral retroversion and scapular dyskinesis. Non-operative therapy represents the first line of treatment for this syndrome and includes the management of pain, stretching of the posterior capsule and a muscle strengthening programme. Surgical treatment should only be considered when conservative management fails. A number of different surgical procedures have been proposed, but the results are variable. The success rate is generally improved when the subtle instability, associated with internal impingement, is also addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T00:56:26Z","timestamp":1270601786000},"page":"382-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Posterior superior internal impingement: an evidence-based review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Castagna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Cesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Markopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Borroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254010-00003","article-title":"2nd. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report","volume":"54","author":"Neer","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.2","first-page":"447","article-title":"Typical and atypical shoulder impingement syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and pitfalls","volume":"58","author":"Buss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1078700"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-8063(95)90128-0","article-title":"Posterior superior glenoid impingement: expanded spectrum","volume":"11","author":"Jobe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2000.109322"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.11.025","article-title":"Minor shoulder instability","volume":"23","author":"Castagna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(59)90542-2"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80065-7","article-title":"Impingement of the deep surface of the supraspinatus tendon on the postero-superior glenoid rim: an arthroscopic study","volume":"21","author":"Walch","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.9","unstructured":"Jobe CM Pink MM Jobe FW . Anterior shoulder instability, impingement, and rotator cuff tear: theories and concepts. In: Jobe FW ed. Operative techniques in upper extremity sports injuries. St Louis, MO: Mosby, 1996;164\u201376."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.10","first-page":"273","article-title":"Posterosuperior glenoid rim impingement as a cause of shoulder pain in top level waterpolo players","volume":"37","author":"Giombini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2000.105449"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(99)70030-7"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(99)90076-9"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300021401","article-title":"Results of arthroscopic treatment of posterosuperior glenoid impingement in tennis players","volume":"30","author":"Sonnery-Cottet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262188"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jobe CM . Superior glenoid impingement. Current concepts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996:98\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199609000-00012"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(85)80041-4"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500504"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(00)90125-7","article-title":"Arthroscopic findings in the overhand throwing athlete: evidence for posterior internal impingement of the rotator cuff","volume":"16","author":"Paley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(95)80023-9"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.21","first-page":"29","article-title":"Internal impingement of the shoulder","volume":"55","author":"Burkhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00132589-200106000-00002"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70065-9"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.24","unstructured":"Verna C . Shoulder flexibility to reduce impingement. Presented at the 3rd Annual Professional Baseball Athletic Trainers Society Meeting, March 1991, Mesa, Arizona, USA."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.25","unstructured":"Kibler WB . The relationship of glenohumeral rotation deficit to shoulder and elbow injuries in tennis players: a prospective evaluation of posterior capsular stretching. Read at the Annual Closed Meeting of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, November 1998, New York, USA."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011201","article-title":"Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete","volume":"30","author":"Wilk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.01972"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011701","article-title":"Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in the professional baseball pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Crockett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300030801","article-title":"Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Osbahr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.30","unstructured":"Kibler WB Chandler TJ . Chapter 7: Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries associated with intense participation in younth sports. In: Human Kinetics ed. Intensive participation in children's sports. Champaign, Illinois, USA: Human Kinetics, 1993."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281804"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504273050"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.08.025","article-title":"Forced shoulder abduction and elbow flexion test: a new simple clinical test to detect superior labral injury in the throwing shoulder","volume":"21","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.11.017","article-title":"A new SLAP test: the supine flexion resistance test","volume":"24","author":"Ebinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2001.20665","article-title":"Biceps load test II: a clinical test for SLAP lesions of the shoulder","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270020401","article-title":"A new pain provocation test for superior labral tears of the shoulder","volume":"27","author":"Mimori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509332505"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260050201","article-title":"The active compression test: a new and effective test for diagnosisng labral tears and acromionclavicular joint abnormality","volume":"26","author":"O'Brien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu SH Henry MH Nuccion S . Diagnosis of glenoid labral tears: a comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and clinical examination. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24:149\u201354.","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400205"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.40","unstructured":"Wilk KE Reinold MM Andrews JR . The athlete's shoulder. 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone Elsevier, 2009."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-003-0625-9"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(04)00591-2","article-title":"Internal impingement: findings on magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.4.2119117","article-title":"MR arthrography of the shoulder: comparison with conventional MR imaging","volume":"155","author":"Flannigan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.2.1489363","article-title":"Rotator cuff disease: assessment with MR arthrography versus standard MR imaging in 36 patients with arthroscopy confirmation","volume":"182","author":"Hodler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.1999.00736.x"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.46","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Philadelphia panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions: overview and methodology","volume":"81","author":"Philadelphia Panel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.32835","article-title":"The effect of continuous cryotherapy on glenohumeral joint and subacromial space temperatures in the postoperative shoulder","volume":"18","author":"Osbahr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.118415"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01341"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2337"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500305"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270020301","article-title":"Symptomatic thrower's exostosis\u2014arthroscopic evaluation and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Meister","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0107-1"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199805000-00016","article-title":"Debridement of partial thickness tears of rotator cuff without acromionplasty: long term follow-up and review of the literature","volume":"80","author":"Budoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70213-3"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199901000-00004","article-title":"Partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: evaluation and management","volume":"7","author":"McConville","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2003.10.033"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(96)80018-8"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198509000-00020","article-title":"Shoulder impingement syndrome in athletes treated by an anterior acromioplasty","volume":"198","author":"Tibone","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bte.0000126189.02023.be"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900502"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80064-5","article-title":"Anterior capsulolabral reconstruction of the shoulder in athletes","volume":"1","author":"Rubenstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.65","first-page":"17","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of shoulder injuries in the throwing athlete: the role of thermal assisted capsular shrinkage","volume":"50","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2001.24853"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.67","first-page":"43","article-title":"Superior labral anterior and posterior lesions and internal impingement in the overhead atlete","volume":"52","author":"Jazrawi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Instr Corse Lect"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.68","first-page":"337","article-title":"Current controversies: point counterpoint, labrum\/biceps\/cuff disfunction in the throwing athlete","volume":"13","author":"Barber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70049-0"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.11.002"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269255"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00205"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.73","unstructured":"Walch G Nove-Josserand L . Postero-superior glenoid impingement: what is it? What to do? In: Sauramps Medical ed. Shoulder arthroscopy and arthroplasty current concepts 2004. Nice shoulder course. Montpellier, France: Sauramps Medical, 2004."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.74","unstructured":"Levigne CH Garret J Borel F . Arthroscopic posterior glenoplasty for postero-superior glenoid impingement. In: Sauramps Medical ed. Shoulder concepts 2008 arthroscopy and arthroplasty. Nice shoulder course. Montpellier, France: Sauramps Medical, 2008."},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.07.007","article-title":"Superior Bennett lesion: a bone fragment at the postero-superior glenoid rim in 5 athletes","volume":"23","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300051701","article-title":"Arthroscopic removal of symptomatic Bennett lesions in the shoulders of baseball players: arthroscopic Bennett-plasty","volume":"30","author":"Yoneda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(00)90124-5"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.12.056","article-title":"Arthroscopic capsular release for painful throwing shoulder with posterior capsular tightness","volume":"22","author":"Yoneda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2024051313492913000_44.5.382.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260032001","article-title":"Results of derotational humeral osteotomy in postero-superior glenoid impingement","volume":"26","author":"Riand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T20:49:59Z","timestamp":1715633399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059261","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}