{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:20:40Z","timestamp":1790796040533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute hamstring injuries are the most prevalent muscle injuries reported in sport. Despite a thorough and concentrated effort to prevent and rehabilitate hamstring injuries, injury occurrence and re-injury rates have not improved over the last three decades. This failure is most likely due to the following: (1) a lack of studies with high level of evidence into the identification and prevention of hamstring injuries and (2) a reductionist approach of the current literature. The objectives of this article are to review and critique the current literature regarding isolated risk factors, and introduce a new concept for a more comprehensive scientific understanding of how multiple risk factors contribute to hamstring strain injury. The authors hope that this new conceptual model can serve as a foundation for future evidence-based research and aid in the development of new prevention methods to decrease the high incidence of this type of injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]],"date-time":"2011-06-16T18:35:10Z","timestamp":1308249310000},"page":"81-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Hamstring strain injuries: are we heading in the right direction?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jurdan","family":"Mendiguchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Alentorn-Geli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Brughelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400102"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002352"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.1.39"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310030901","article-title":"Rates and risks of injury during intercollegiate basketball.","volume":"31","author":"Meeuwisse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434100-00005"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018135"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018408"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198315030-00014"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.056937"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.014571"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.33.3.196"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700614"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.384"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.056283"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508316764"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2575"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.011197"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018697"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503258912"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00441.x"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509358381"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2006.02.001"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738108324962"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500116"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290030801","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for muscle strains in Australian football.","volume":"29","author":"Orchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.026609"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.4.309"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-008-0546-0"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200310000-00003"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.02.038"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2010.07.003"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.08.003"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/R-20416.1"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310011801","article-title":"Muscle flexibility as a risk factor for developing muscle injuries in male professional soccer players. A prospective study.","volume":"31","author":"Witvrouw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029040-00005"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1265-3"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.000044"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00634.x","article-title":"Prevention of hamstring strains in elite soccer: an intervention study.","volume":"18","author":"Arnason","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117134.83018.F7"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7362.468"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.01.004"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.05.026"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.005"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.11.011"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117165.75832.05"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200506"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.48","first-page":"71","article-title":"Factors related to hamstring strains","volume":"18","author":"Lieholm","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1991.13.3.118","article-title":"Comparison of isokinetic strength and flexibility measures between hamstring injured and noninjured athletes.","volume":"13","author":"Worrell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.03.006"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)00038-6"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070189"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260030301","article-title":"Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis.","volume":"26","author":"Alfredson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00312.x"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman EF Jones DE . Interventions for preventing hamstring injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD006782.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006782.pub2"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.02.001"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314432"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason DL Dickens V Vail A . Rehabilitation for hamstring injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD004575.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004575.pub2"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.03.006"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/15438620590956133","article-title":"Are anthropometric and kinematic parameters of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex related to running injuries?","volume":"13","author":"Schache","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.3.116"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00793.x","article-title":"Stability training of the lumbo-pelvo-hip complex influence stiffness of the hamstrings: a preliminary study.","volume":"19","author":"Kuszewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140428"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.07.011"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314413"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1104587"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200003000-00015"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202822"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018879"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294679"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508315892"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00007"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0549-x"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202352"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00525.x","article-title":"Localization and quantification of muscle damage by magnetic resonance imaging following step exercise in young women.","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.09.002"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2006.06.011"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000176674.42929.de"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.011"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-1433-7"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000085004"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199807000-00005","article-title":"Hamstring strains in athletes: diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"6","author":"Clanton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-003-0674-5"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065482"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McHugh MP Johnson CD Morrison RH . The role of neural tension in hamstring flexibility. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;(In Press).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01180.x"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2435","article-title":"Effects of performing an abdominal drawing-in maneuver during prone hip extension exercises on hip and back extensor muscle activity and amount of anterior pelvic tilt.","volume":"37","author":"Oh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b603ef"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-070909-105259"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3110","article-title":"Strengthening and neuromuscular reeducation of the gluteus maximus in a triathlete with exercise-associated cramping of the hamstrings.","volume":"40","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.90","unstructured":"Van Wingerden JP Vleeming A Kleinrensink GJ . The role of the hamstrings in pelvic and spinal function. In: Vleeming A eds. Movement, Stability and Low Back Pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1997."},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(89)90003-X"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(89)90003-X"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0403"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11536890-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2024051314475620000_46.2.81.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.02.009","article-title":"A new framework to research leading in injury prevention","volume":"9","author":"Finch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081695","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T21:48:10Z","timestamp":1715636890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081695","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]}}}