{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:23:01Z","timestamp":1792156981931,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice is commonly used after acute muscle strains but there are no clinical studies of its effectiveness. By comparison, there are a number of basic scientific studies on animals which show that applying ice after muscle injury has a consistent effect on a number of important cellular and physiological events relating to recovery. Some of these effects may be temperature dependant; most animal studies induce significant reductions in muscle temperature at the injury site. The aim of this short report was to consider the cooling magnitudes likely in human models of muscle injury and to discuss its relevance to the clinical setting. Current best evidence shows that muscle temperature reductions in humans are moderate in comparison to most animal models, limiting direct translation to the clinical setting. Further important clinical questions arise when we consider the heterogenous nature of muscle injury in terms of injury type, depth and insulating adipose thickness. Contrary to current practice, it is unlikely that a \u2018panacea\u2019 cooling dose or duration exists in the clinical setting. Clinicians should consider that in extreme circumstances of muscle strain (eg, deep injury with high levels of adipose thickness around the injury site), the clinical effectiveness of cooling may be significantly reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2011.086116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]],"date-time":"2011-06-16T14:35:10Z","timestamp":1308234910000},"page":"296-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Cooling an acute muscle injury: can basic scientific theory translate into the clinical setting?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"C M","family":"Bleakley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Glasgow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505286022"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00441.x"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002352"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.046722"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.5","unstructured":"Bleakley CM Glasgow PD Philips P for the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports and Exercise Medicine (ACPSM). 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The rationale for intermediate hypothermia.","volume":"70","author":"Sapega","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000169611.21671.2e"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000174922.08781.2f","article-title":"Local cooling restores microcirculatory hemodynamics after closed soft-tissue trauma in rats.","volume":"61","author":"Schaser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294569"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70029-2","article-title":"Surface cooling inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced microvascular perfusion failure, leukocyte adhesion, and apoptosis in the striated muscle.","volume":"126","author":"Westermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.13","first-page":"32","article-title":"Muscle Temperature Is Affected by Overlying Adipose When Cryotherapy Is Administered.","volume":"36","author":"Myrer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2025080114541504000_46.4.296.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.079822"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.2011.086116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T21:54:26Z","timestamp":1754085266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.2011.086116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.2011.086116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2011.086116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]}}}