{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:37:57Z","timestamp":1767706677847},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The great upsurge in popularity of running activities has increased the number of athletes presenting with pathology of the Achilles tendon. A clinical and ultrasonic study was performed on 47 middle and long distance runners referred to the Authors with such problems. The results of this study can be grouped as follows: 1. paratendonitis: enlargement of the antero-posterior diameter of the tendon, and hyperechogenicity of Kager's triangle; 2. tendonitis (with or without paratendonitis): thickening of the tendon, with the presence of degenerative nodules; 3. enthesopathy: thickening of the distal part of the tendon, enlargement of the hypoechogenic area behind the tendon itself and microcalcification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.21.4.158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:55:24Z","timestamp":1229388924000},"page":"158-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Ultrasound diagnosis of Achilles tendon pathology in runners."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Regine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Angelillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Filice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Further observations on the relations of proteoglycans with collagen fibrils","volume":"26","author":"Benazzo, F.; Reale, E.; Ruggeri, A.; Marchini, M.; Castelli, C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Benazzo, F., Reale, E., Ruggeri, A., Marchini, M. and Castelli, C., 1982 'Further observations on the relations of proteoglycans with collagen fibrils\". Basic and Appl.His. 26 (suppl.).","journal-title":"Basic and Appl. His"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"274","article-title":"Xeroradiographie zur Diagnostik patologischer Befunde an den Weichteilen des kniegelenkes","volume":"10","author":"Campini, R.; Ferrari Ciboldi, F.; Benazzi, M.; Meissner, M.; Rota, L.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Campini, R., Ferrari Ciboldi, F., Benazzi, M., Meissner, M. and Rota, L., 1981 \"Xeroradiographie zur Diagnostik patologischer Befunde an den Weichteilen des kniegelenkes\". Rontgen-Berichte 10: 274-279.","journal-title":"Rontgen-Berichte"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.62B3.7410468","article-title":"The operative treatment of chronic paratenonitis","volume":"62","author":"Kvist, H.; Kvist, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kvist, H. and Kvist, M., 1980 \"The operative treatment of chronic paratenonitis\". J.Bone Joint Surg. 62-B: 353-361.","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref_4","first-page":"40","article-title":"'Real time sonography and tendon injuries of athletes\". 5th Congress of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (Euroson '84)","volume":"7","author":"Laine, H.; Harjula; Peltokallio, P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Laine, H., Harjula and Peltokallio, P., 1984 'Real time sonography and tendon injuries of athletes\". 5th Congress of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (Euroson '84), Strasbourg, May 7-11, 40: 7-12."},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"'I","volume-title":"tendini. Biologia.","author":"Perugia, L.; Postacchini, F.; Ippolito, E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Perugia, L., Postacchini, F. and Ippolito, E., 1981 'I tendini. Biologia."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400404","article-title":"A classification of Achilles tendon disease","volume":"4","author":"Puddu, G.; Ippolito, E.; Postacchini, F.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Puddu, G., Ippolito, E. and Postacchini, F., 1976 'A classification of Achilles tendon disease'. Am.J.Sports Med. 4:145-149.","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"13","article-title":"\"Collagen, proteoglycans and elastin interactions\" in","volume":"1","author":"Ruggeri, A.; Benazzo, F.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ruggeri, A. and Benazzo, F., 1984 \"Collagen, proteoglycans and elastin interactions\" in Ruggeri, A. and Motta, P. M. (eds.): Ultrastructure of connective tissue matrix. Martinus Nijhoff\/Dr. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1 13-120. First edition.","journal-title":"Martinus Nijhoff\/Dr. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands; Ultrastructure of connective tissue matrix"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1970213","article-title":"Dermatansulphate-rich proteoglycan associates with rat tail-tendon collagen at the d-band gap region","author":"Scott, J.E.; Oxford, C.R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Scott, J. E. and Oxford, C. R., 1981 \"Dermatansulphate-rich proteoglycan associates with rat tail-tendon collagen at the d-band gap region\". Biochem.J. 197: 213-217.","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"462","article-title":"Medical care of the athlete (first part)","volume":"226","author":"Taunton, J.E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Taunton, J. E., 1986 'Medical care of the athlete (first part)\". Olympic Review 226: 462-465.","journal-title":"Olympic Review"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"299","article-title":"La pathologie du tendon d'Achille: un emploi inattendu du mammographe","volume":"62","author":"Vazelle, F.; Rochcongen, P.; Masse, M.; Ramee, A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Vazelle, F., Rochcongen, P., Masse, M. and Ramee, A., 1981 \"La pathologie du tendon d'Achille: un emploi inattendu du mammographe\". J.Radiol. (France) 62: 299-306.","journal-title":"J. Radiol. (France)"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"351","article-title":"Contribution a l'analyse de l'image radiologique du tendon d'Achille. Etude radio-echoanatomique. Localisation du plantaire grele","volume":"65","author":"Vazelle, F.; Roland, J.J.; Rochcongen, P.; Ramee, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Vazelle, F., Roland, J. J., Rochcongen, P. and Ramee, A., 1982 \"Contribution a l'analyse de l'image radiologique du tendon d'Achille. Etude radio-echoanatomique. Localisation du plantaire grele\". J.Radiol. (France) 65: 351-358.","journal-title":"J. Radiol. (France)"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"256","article-title":"Title: Author: Publisher: JOINT PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION IN RHEUMATIC DISORDERS M. Brattstrom Wolfe Medical, London","volume":"20","year":"1986","unstructured":"Title: Author: Publisher: JOINT PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION IN RHEUMATIC DISORDERS M. Brattstrom Wolfe Medical, London 1986 Price: \u00a320 256 pages Index Photographs & line drawings Paperback"},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"The book is therefore primarily written for occupational therapists although all involved in dealing with arthritis should be aware of the principles. One comment especially provides food for thought for the readers of this journal \"In the present fitness orientated society the rheumatic patient feels even more of an outcast\". In summary the basic message is that daily living can be a danger to your joints, if you have arthritis, and the answer is not to not do it, but to do it differently","unstructured":"The book is therefore primarily written for occupational therapists although all involved in dealing with arthritis should be aware of the principles. One comment especially provides food for thought for the readers of this journal \"In the present fitness orientated society the rheumatic patient feels even more of an outcast\". In summary the basic message is that daily living can be a danger to your joints, if you have arthritis, and the answer is not to not do it, but to do it differently."},{"issue":"50","key":"ref_14","first-page":"128","volume":"6","author":"Wright, P.I.C.T.U.R.E.T.E.S.T.S.I.N.R.H.E.U.M.A.T.O.L.O.G.Y.V.; Medical, A.R.Harvey Wolfe; London","year":"1987","unstructured":"Title: Authors: Publisher: DIAGNOSTIC PICTURE TESTS IN RHEUMATOLOGY V. Wright and A. R. 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