{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:57:14Z","timestamp":1790009834531,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Athletes often suffer from recurrent or chronic overuse symptoms of the lower extremities. During the office visit it is essential to analyse the patient's shoes, gait cycle, lower extremities and, especially, the talocrural, subtalar and more distal joints of the ankle and foot. The basic (clinical) biomechanical analysis can be supplemented by radiographs, treadmill and video analysis and mirror table (podoscope) examinations. Ideally, successful pain relief by correction of the observed abnormality with an orthotic device completes the diagnostic procedure, especially if symptoms return soon after the removal of the device. In treatment custom-made, expensive orthotics should not be prescribed for overuse symptoms without an obvious malalignment, for asymptomatic athletes with a malalignment, or for symptoms in which the causal relationship between the biomechanical abnormality and symptoms is difficult to see. Strict indications for prescription of orthotics and close cooperation between the attending physician, physical therapist and orthotist are prerequisites for obtaining good, long-lasting results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.26.2.83","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:55:24Z","timestamp":1229388924000},"page":"83-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evaluation of abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle in athletes."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"V P","family":"Kannus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.17.4.137","article-title":"Athletes attending a sports injury clinic - a review","volume":"17","author":"Devereaux, M.D.; Lachmann, S.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Devereaux MD, Lachmann SM. Athletes attending a sports injury clinic - a review. Br J Sports Med 1983; 17: 137-42.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198502010-00005","article-title":"The aetiology of sports injuries. A review of methodologies","volume":"2","author":"J, Walter S.Sutton; J, McIntosh; C, Conolly","year":"1985","unstructured":"Walter S. Sutton J, McIntosh J, Conolly C. The aetiology of sports injuries. A review of methodologies. Sports Med 1985; 2: 47-58.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.21.1.37","article-title":"Sports injuries in women: a one-year prospective follow-up study at an outpatient sports clinic","volume":"21","author":"M, Kannus P.Niittymaki S.Jarvinen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kannus P. Niittymaki S. Jarvinen M. Sports injuries in women: a one-year prospective follow-up study at an outpatient sports clinic. Br J Sports Med 1987; 21: 37-9.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Typical injuries at an outpatient sports clinic","volume":"94","author":"Kvist, M.; Jarvinen, M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kvist M, Jarvinen M. Typical injuries at an outpatient sports clinic. Duodecim 1978; 94: 1335-45.","journal-title":"Duodecim"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Exertion injuries due to sports and physical exercise. Academic Dissertation","author":"Orava, S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Orava S. Exertion injuries due to sports and physical exercise. Academic Dissertation, Kokkola, Finland, 1980."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31033-4","article-title":"Overuse injuries in sport: the foot","volume":"6","author":"Torg, J.S.; Pavlov, H.; Torg, E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Torg JS, Pavlov H, Torg E. Overuse injuries in sport: the foot. Clin Sports Med 1987; 6: 291-320.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600202","article-title":"Osternig LR Injuries to runners","volume":"6","author":"James, S.L.; Bates, B.T.","year":"1978","unstructured":"James SL, Bates BT, Osternig LR Injuries to runners. Am J Sports Med 1978; 6: 40-50.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"76","article-title":"Iliotibial friction band syndrome in athletes","volume":"6","author":"Taunton, J.E.; Clement, D.B.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Taunton JE, Clement DB. Iliotibial friction band syndrome in athletes. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1981; 6: 76-80.","journal-title":"Can J Appl Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"485","article-title":"Leg length asymmetry in stress fractures. A clinical and radiological study","volume":"22","author":"0, Friberg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Friberg 0. Leg length asymmetry in stress fractures. A clinical and radiological study. J Sports Med 1982; 22: 485-8.","journal-title":"J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100304","article-title":"Some biomechanical aspects of the foot and ankle in athletes with and without shin splints","volume":"11","author":"Viitasalo, J.; Kvist, M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Viitasalo J, Kvist M. Some biomechanical aspects of the foot and ankle in athletes with and without shin splints. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11: 125-30.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198309000-00010","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality","volume":"8","author":"0, Friberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Friberg 0. Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. Spine 1983; 8: 643-51.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198502050-00003","article-title":"Running shoes, orthotics, and injuries","volume":"2","author":"McKenzie, D.C.; Clement, D.B.; Taunton, J.E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"McKenzie DC, Clement DB, Taunton JE. Running shoes, orthotics, and injuries. Sports Med 1985; 2: 334-47.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198502050-00002","article-title":"Overuse injuries in sports: a review","volume":"2","author":"RJ, Renstrom P.Johnson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Renstrom P. Johnson RJ. Overuse injuries in sports: a review. Sports Med 1985; 2: 316-33.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"The patellofemoral pain syndrome. Linlaping university medical dissertations no 227, VTT-Grafiska, Vimmerby","author":"Lindberg, U.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lindberg U. The patellofemoral pain syndrome. Linlaping university medical dissertations no 227, VTT-Grafiska, Vimmerby, Sweden, 1986."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"144","article-title":"The biomechanics of running. Implications for the prevention of foot injuries","volume":"2","author":"Subotnick, S.I.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Subotnick SI. The biomechanics of running. Implications for the prevention of foot injuries. Sports Med 1985; 2: 144-53.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30910-8","article-title":"Foot and foot-related injuries in the young athlete","volume":"7","author":"Santopietro, F.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Santopietro FJ. Foot and foot-related injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med 1988; 7: 563-89.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900111","article-title":"Functional biomechanical deficits in running athletes with plantar fasciitis","volume":"19","author":"Kibler, W.B.; Goldberg, C.; Chandler, T.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kibler WB, Goldberg C, Chandler TJ. Functional biomechanical deficits in running athletes with plantar fasciitis. Am J Sports Med 1991; 19: 66-71.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/68.12.1840","article-title":"Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities","volume":"68","author":"Tiberio, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tiberio D. Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities. Phys Ther 1988; 68: 1840-9.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Chinese Footbinding. The history of a curious erotic custom","author":"Levy, H.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Levy H. Chinese Footbinding. The history of a curious erotic custom. London: Neville Spearman, 1966."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.17.4.129","article-title":"Podiatry and sports physician - an evaluation of orthoses","volume":"17","author":"Sperryn, P.N.; Restan, L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sperryn PN, Restan L. Podiatry and sports physician - an evaluation of orthoses. Br J Sports Med 1983; 17: 129-34.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31180-7","article-title":"Orthotic devices in running injuries","volume":"4","author":"D'Ambrosia, R.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"D'Ambrosia RD. Orthotic devices in running injuries. Clin Sports Med 1985; 4: 611-18.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1988.10.6.205","article-title":"Biomechanical foot orthotics: a retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Donatelli, R.; Hurlbert, C.; Conaway, D.; St Pierre, R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Donatelli R, Hurlbert C, Conaway D, St Pierre R Biomechanical foot orthotics: a retrospective study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988; 10: 205-12.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.9.1.3","article-title":"Locomotor biomechanics and pathomechanics: a review","volume":"9","author":"Brown, L.P.; Yavorsky, P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brown LP, Yavorsky P. Locomotor biomechanics and pathomechanics: a review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987; 9: 3-10.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.9.1.11","article-title":"Abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle","volume":"9","author":"Donatelli, R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Donatelli R Abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987; 9: 11-16.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30962-5","article-title":"Tendon injuries about the ankle in athletes","volume":"7","author":"Frey CC, Shereff MJ","year":"1988","unstructured":"Frey CC, Shereff MJ. Tendon injuries about the ankle in athletes. Clin Sports Med 1988; 7: 103-18.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/68.12.1850","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of foot and ankle dysfunction","volume":"68","author":"Giallonardo, L.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Giallonardo LM. Clinical evaluation of foot and ankle dysfunction. Phys Ther 1988; 68: 1850-6.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30966-2","article-title":"The rehabilitation of overuse foot injuries in athletes and dancers","volume":"7","author":"Marshall, P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marshall P. The rehabilitation of overuse foot injuries in athletes and dancers. Clin Sports Med 1988; 7: 175-91.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1988.9.12.406","article-title":"A survey of foot types in normal females between the ages 18 and 30 years","volume":"9","author":"McPoil, T.G.; Knecht, H.G.; Schuit, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"McPoil TG, Knecht HG, Schuit D. A survey of foot types in normal females between the ages 18 and 30 years. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988; 9: 406-9.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30954-6","article-title":"Biomechanics of the foot and ankle during gait","volume":"7","author":"Nuber, G.W.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nuber GW. Biomechanics of the foot and ankle during gait. Clin Sports Med 1988; 7: 1-13.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"71","article-title":"Practical guide to foot orthoses","volume":"6","author":"Bordelon, R.L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bordelon RL. Practical guide to foot orthoses. J Musculoskel Med 1989; 6: 71-87.","journal-title":"J Musculoskel Med"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30350-3","article-title":"Leg length discrepancy","volume":"18","author":"Moseley, C.F.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Moseley CF. Leg length discrepancy. Orthop Clin North Am 1987; 18: 529-35.","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.1.10","article-title":"Biomechanical implications of mild leg length inequality","volume":"25","author":"McCaw, S.T.; Bates, B.T.","year":"1991","unstructured":"McCaw ST, Bates BT. Biomechanical implications of mild leg length inequality. Br J Sports Med 1991; 25: 10-13.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"54","article-title":"A radiographic method for measurement of leg length inequality","volume":"54","author":"Friberg 0, Koivisto E, Wegelius C","year":"1985","unstructured":"Friberg 0, Koivisto E, Wegelius C. A radiographic method for measurement of leg length inequality. Diagn Imag Clin Med 1985; 54: 54-81.","journal-title":"Diagn Imag Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31188-1","article-title":"Management of disorders of the forefoot and toenails associated with running","volume":"4","author":"Bordelon, R.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bordelon RL. Management of disorders of the forefoot and toenails associated with running. Clin Sports Med 1985; 4: 717-24.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800541204","article-title":"Articular reflexes at the ankle joint: an electromyographic study of normal and abnormal influences of ankle joint mechanoreceptors upon reflex activity in the leg muscles","volume":"54","author":"Freeman, M.A.R.; Wyke, B.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Freeman MAR, Wyke B. Articular reflexes at the ankle joint: an electromyographic study of normal and abnormal influences of ankle joint mechanoreceptors upon reflex activity in the leg muscles. Br J Surg 1967; 54: 990-4.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.26.2.83","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T06:21:21Z","timestamp":1715667681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.26.2.83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.26.2.83"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.26.2.83","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]}}}