{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:06:05Z","timestamp":1757545565014,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Amateur boxing is faced with criticism over the potential damage the sport inflicts on those who participate. The most sensitive measure of early neurological dysfunction is neuropsychological investigation. Ten studies employing such assessments on 289 amateur boxers are reviewed. The forms of analysis undertaken include controlled comparison with other sportsmen, of both active and former boxers, detailed pre- and post-bout analysis, analysis of the influence of within-boxing variables, length of career, level of competition and prospective longitudinal investigation. Amateur boxers were found to exhibit no signs of neuropsychological dysfunction in any analysis. However some trends emerged suggesting a long career in amateur boxing might reduce fine motor reactions, although such findings are within the normal range and do not represent central neuropsychological functioning. Thus amateur boxing does not appear to expose individuals to neurological dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]],"date-time":"2008-12-15T19:55:24Z","timestamp":1229370924000},"page":"187-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Neuropsychological investigation of amateur boxers."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"R J","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"reference":[{"year":"1993","author":"etal?3, Butler","key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Butler etal?3 1993 (UK)"},{"article-title":"Studies which also investigated professional boxers; tStudy also reported by Haglund and Eriksson28","year":"1993","key":"ref_2","unstructured":"*Studies which also investigated professional boxers; tStudy also reported by Haglund and Eriksson28 1993 (Sweden)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_3","article-title":"Sp Med","volume":"28","author":"Br, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Br J Sp Med 1994; 28(3)"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Length of career The number of contests ranged between 014,24,25 to over 20019,22 24 Murelius and Haglund24 contrasted boxers with few contests (0-15 bouts) with those having a high number of contests (25-230 bouts). The only difference was in fine motor coordination (although scores were within the normal range). Interestingly Heilbronner et al. found the boxers with the most extensive career demonstrated comparatively slower finger tapping after a bout23. As previously discussed, fine motor reactions do not reflect central cognitive processes and thus neuropsychological functioning appears unaffected by length of boxing career.","article-title":"Length of career The number of contests ranged between 014,24,25 to over 20019,22 24 Murelius and Haglund24 contrasted boxers with few contests (0-15 bouts) with those having a high number of contests (25-230 bouts). The only difference was in fine motor coordination (although scores were within the normal range). Interestingly Heilbronner et al. found the boxers with the most extensive career demonstrated comparatively slower finger tapping after a bout23. As previously discussed, fine motor reactions do not reflect central cognitive processes and thus neuropsychological functioning appears unaffected by length of boxing career"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Level of competition Most reports have investigated boxers competing at local or regional levels where it could be argued that the blows received might not be of comparable strength and power to those in contests at a national or international level. However, Kaste et al.13 studied national and European champions and found no evidence of neuropsychological abnormality in their sample.","article-title":"Level of competition Most reports have investigated boxers competing at local or regional levels where it could be argued that the blows received might not be of comparable strength and power to those in contests at a national or international level. However, Kaste et al.13 studied national and European champions and found no evidence of neuropsychological abnormality in their sample"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"105","article-title":"Prospective analysis Levin et al. reassessed two amateur boxers after 6 months20 and Butler et al. re-examined their initial sample of 86 boxers between 6 months and 2 years after assessment25. The number of bouts between the two assessments in Butler et al.'s sample ranged from one to 18 and a correlated analysis between number of bouts and change in test score revealed no significant findings. 1 Corsellis JAN. Boxing and the brain","volume":"298","year":"1989","unstructured":"Prospective analysis Levin et al. reassessed two amateur boxers after 6 months20 and Butler et al. re-examined their initial sample of 86 boxers between 6 months and 2 years after assessment25. The number of bouts between the two assessments in Butler et al.'s sample ranged from one to 18 and a correlated analysis between number of bouts and change in test score revealed no significant findings. 1 Corsellis JAN. Boxing and the brain. BMJ 1989; 298: 105-9.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370180109044","article-title":"Boxing should be banned in civilised countries - round 3","volume":"225","author":"Lundberg, G.D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lundberg GD. Boxing should be banned in civilised countries - round 3. Journal of the American Medical Association 1986; 225: 2483-5.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Education Working Party on Boxing: Report","author":"British Medical Association. Board of Science and","year":"1984","unstructured":"British Medical Association. Board of Science and Education Working Party on Boxing: Report. 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J Neurosurg Sci 1982; 26: 165-8.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90288-3","article-title":"Cumulative effect of concussion","volume":"ii:","author":"Gronwall, D.; Wrightson, P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gronwall D, Wrightson P. Cumulative effect of concussion. Lancet 1975; ii: 995-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.1.96","article-title":"Clinical neurological examination, neuropsychology, electroencephalography and computed tomographic head scanning in active amateur boxers","volume":"50","author":"McLatchie, G.; Brooks, N.; Galbraith, S.; Hutchison, J.S.F.; Wilson, L.; Melville, I.; Teasdale, E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McLatchie G, Brooks N, Galbraith S, Hutchison JSF, Wilson L, Melville I, Teasdale E. 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