{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:14:02Z","timestamp":1791234842455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the competitive season of 1990, 155 British triathletes whose competitive distances varied from sprint to full ironman, and who self-classified themselves as recreational, intermediate or \u00e9lite, kept a training diary for an 8-week period. They gave details of injuries sustained while training for, or competing in, triathlons. The mean(s.d.) distances covered each week were: swimming, 4.2(2.6) km; cycling, 100.2(70.6) km; and running 23.4(15.2) km; mean(s.d.) training time was 7(3.4) h per week, and a mean(s.d.) of 7.9(3.4) training sessions were completed per week. At least one injury was reported by 37% of the participants. The most frequently affected sites were the ankle\/foot, thigh, knee, lower leg and the back. Overuse was the reported cause in 41% of the injuries, two-thirds of which occurred during running. The likelihood of an injury was positively associated with experience in triathlon. Average injury rate was 5.4 injuries per 1000 h of training (95% confidence interval: 4-7.2) and 17.4 per 1000 h of competition (95% confidence interval: 10.9-27.9). Injury incidence was unrelated to the mean amount of weekly training or competition, intensity or frequency of training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:55:24Z","timestamp":1229388924000},"page":"191-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["An epidemiological investigation of training and injury patterns in British triathletes."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"P K","family":"Korkia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D S","family":"Tunstall-Pedoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700411","article-title":"Overuse injuries in ultradistance triathletes","volume":"17","author":"O'Toole, M.L.; Hiller, D.B.; Smith, R.A.; Sisk, T.D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"O'Toole ML, Hiller DB, Smith RA, Sisk TD. Overuse injuries in ultradistance triathletes. Am I Sports Med 1989; 17: 514-18.","journal-title":"Am I Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700515","article-title":"Overuse injuries in triathletes: a study of the 1986 Seafair Triathlon","volume":"17","author":"Collins, K.; Wagner, M.; Peterson, K.; Storey, M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Collins K, Wagner M, Peterson K, Storey M. Overuse injuries in triathletes: a study of the 1986 Seafair Triathlon. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17: 675-80.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"117","article-title":"Triathletes: biographic data, training, and injury patterns","volume":"3","author":"Ireland, M.L.; Micheli, U.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ireland ML, Micheli U. Triathletes: biographic data, training, and injury patterns. Annals of Sports Medicine 1987; 3: 117-120.","journal-title":"Annals of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2","article-title":"Injuries amongst competitive triathletes","author":"Williams, M.M.; Hawley, J.A.; Black, R.; Freke, M.; Simms, K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Williams MM, Hawley JA, Black R, Freke M, Simms K Injuries amongst competitive triathletes. New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine 1988; (March): 2-5.","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"The effect of cross training on injury incidence, duration and severity (part 2). Sports Med Clin Forum 1986; 3: 1-8. 6 dBASE III Plus. Version 1.1, Culver City","author":"Levy, C.M.; Kolin, E.; Berson, B.M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Levy CM, Kolin E, Berson BM. The effect of cross training on injury incidence, duration and severity (part 2). Sports Med Clin Forum 1986; 3: 1-8. 6 dBASE III Plus. Version 1.1, Culver City, USA: Ashton-Tate 1985, 1986."},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"SAS\/STAT Guide to Personal Computers","author":"S.A.S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"SAS.SAS\/STAT Guide to Personal Computers. Version 6, SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA, 1987."},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"GLIM Numerical Algorithm Group","year":"1977","unstructured":"GLIM Numerical Algorithm Group, Oxford, UK 1977."},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Categorical Data Analysis","author":"Agresti, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Agresti A. Categorical Data Analysis. New York, USA: Wiley, 1990."},{"key":"ref_9","volume-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research","author":"G, Armitage P.Berry","year":"1987","unstructured":"Armitage P. Berry G. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"82","article-title":"Common triathlon injuries: special considerations for multisport training","volume":"4","author":"Massimo, F.A.; Armstrong, M.A.; O'Toole, M.L.; Hiller, W.D.; Laird, R.H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Massimo FA, Armstrong MA, O'Toole ML, Hiller WD, Laird RH. Common triathlon injuries: special considerations for multisport training. Annals of Sports Medicine 1988; 4: 82-6.","journal-title":"Annals of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"88","article-title":"A clinical study of 3,000 long-distance runners","volume":"3","author":"Pagliano, J.W.; Jackson, D.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pagliano JW, Jackson DW. A clinical study of 3,000 long-distance runners. Annals of Sports Medicine 1987; 3: 88-91.","journal-title":"Annals of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500213","article-title":"Injuries in runners","volume":"15","author":"Lysholme, J.; Wiklander, J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lysholme J, Wiklander J. Injuries in runners. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15: 168-71.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_13","first-page":"36","article-title":"Sports Injury Research","volume":"16","author":"Hunter, R.E.; Levy, I.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hunter RE, Levy IM. Sports Injury Research. Am I Sports Med 1988; 16(Suppl.1): S-36.","journal-title":"Am I Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300308","article-title":"Nontraumatic injuries in amateur long distance bicyclists","volume":"13","author":"Weiss, B.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Weiss BD. Nontraumatic injuries in amateur long distance bicyclists. Am J Sports Med 1985; 13: 187-92.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1981.11711083","article-title":"Injuries in competitive cycling","volume":"9","author":"Bohlman, J.T.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bohlman JT. Injuries in competitive cycling. Physician and Sportsmedicine 1981; 9: 117-24.","journal-title":"Physician and Sportsmedicine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800303","article-title":"The shoulder in competitive swimming","volume":"8","author":"Richardson, A.B.; Jobe, F.W.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Richardson AB, Jobe FW. The shoulder in competitive swimming. Am J Sports Med 1980; 8: 159-63.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"121","article-title":"Medical considerations in triathletes: the 1984 Hawaii Ironman triathlon","volume":"3","author":"O'Toole, M.L.; Massimo, F.A.; Hiller, W.D.B.; Laird, R.H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"O'Toole ML, Massimo FA, Hiller WDB, Laird RH. Medical considerations in triathletes: the 1984 Hawaii Ironman triathlon. Annals of Sports Medicine 1987; 3: 121-3.","journal-title":"Annals of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"209","article-title":"Training for ultraendurance triathlons","volume":"21","author":"O'Toole, M.L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"O'Toole ML. Training for ultraendurance triathlons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: S209-S213.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xii.","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198504000-00002","article-title":"Risk factors and running injuries","volume":"17","author":"Blair, S.N.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Blair SN. Risk factors and running injuries. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: xii.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400211","article-title":"Injuries to runners: a study of entrants to a 10,000 meter race","volume":"14","author":"Jacobs, S.J.; Berson, B.L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacobs SJ, Berson BL. Injuries to runners: a study of entrants to a 10,000 meter race. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14: 151-55.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600202","article-title":"Ostering LR. Injuries in runners","volume":"6","author":"James, S.L.; Bates, B.T.","year":"1981","unstructured":"James SL, Bates BT. Ostering LR. Injuries in runners. Am J Sports Med 1981; 6: 40-50.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330230030026","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of the benefits and risks of running","volume":"248","author":"Koplan, J.P.; Powell, K.E.; Sikes, R.K.; Shirley, R.W.; Campbell, C.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Koplan JP, Powell KE, Sikes RK, Shirley RW, Campbell CC. An epidemiologic study of the benefits and risks of running. JAMA 1982; 248: 3118-21.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"285","article-title":"On the epidemiology of running injuries: the 1984 Bern Grand-Prix study","volume":"13","author":"Marti, B.; Vader, J.P.; Minder, C.E.; Abelin, T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marti B, Vader JP, Minder CE, Abelin T. On the epidemiology of running injuries: the 1984 Bern Grand-Prix study. Am J Sports Med 1988; 13: 285-93.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390110113025","article-title":"JR The Ontario cohort study of running-related injuries","volume":"149","author":"Walter, S.D.; Hart, L.E.; McIntosh, J.M.; Sutton","year":"1989","unstructured":"Walter SD, Hart LE, McIntosh JM, Sutton JR The Ontario cohort study of running-related injuries. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2561-4.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199009040-00002","article-title":"Intrinsic risk factors and athletic injuries","volume":"9","author":"Taimela, S.; Kujala, U.M.; Osterman, K.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Taimela S, Kujala UM, Osterman K Intrinsic risk factors and athletic injuries. Sports Med 1990; 9: 205-15.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"984","article-title":"Leg length inequality in athletes","volume-title":"Topics in Sports Medicine","author":"Friberg 0, Kvist M","year":"1984","unstructured":"Friberg 0, Kvist M. Leg length inequality in athletes. In: Bachl et al. eds. Current Topics in Sports Medicine. Vienna, Austria: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1984: 984-92."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30967-4","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the injured ankle","volume":"7","author":"Molnar, M.E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Molnar ME. Rehabilitation of the injured ankle. Clin Sports Med 1988; 7: 193-204.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-73-1-39","article-title":"The runner-patient history. What to ask and why","volume":"73","author":"Kirby, K.A.; Valmassy, R.L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kirby KA, Valmassy RL. The runner-patient history. What to ask and why. I Am Podiatry Assoc 1983; 73: 39-43.","journal-title":"I Am Podiatry Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_29","first-page":"70","article-title":"The effect of frequency of training on work capacity, cardio-vascular function and body composition in adult men","volume":"1969","author":"Pollock, M.L.; Cureton, T.K.; Greinger, L.","unstructured":"Pollock ML, Cureton TK, Greinger L. The effect of frequency of training on work capacity, cardio-vascular function and body composition in adult men. Med Sci Sport 1969; 1: 70-4.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_30","article-title":"Sp Med","volume":"28","author":"Br, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Br J Sp Med 1994; 28(3)"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T06:33:37Z","timestamp":1715668417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.191","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}}}