{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:24:54Z","timestamp":1791181494453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An eccentric muscle activation is the controlled lengthening of the muscle under tension. Functionally, most leg muscles work eccentrically for some part of a normal gait cycle, to support the weight of the body against gravity and to absorb shock. During downhill running the role of eccentric work of the 'anti-gravity' muscles--knee extensors, muscles of the anterior and posterior tibial compartments and hip extensors--is accentuated. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between eccentric muscle activation and muscle damage, particularly as it relates to running, and specifically, downhill running.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.29.2.89","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]],"date-time":"2008-12-15T19:55:24Z","timestamp":1229370924000},"page":"89-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Eccentric activation and muscle damage: biomechanical and physiological considerations during downhill running."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"R G","family":"Eston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Mickleborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Baltzopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90058-8","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions in human muscle","volume":"61","author":"Newham, D.J.; McPhail, G.; Mills, K.R.; Edwards, R.H.T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Newham DJ, McPhail G, Mills KR, Edwards RHT. Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions in human muscle. I Neurol Sci 1983; 61: 109-22.","journal-title":"I Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"90","article-title":"Eccentric exerciseinduced injury to rat skeletal muscle","volume":"54","author":"Armstrong, R.B.; Ogilvie, R.W.; Schwane, J.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Armstrong RB, Ogilvie RW, Schwane JA. Eccentric exerciseinduced injury to rat skeletal muscle. I Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 90-3.","journal-title":"I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"506","article-title":"A morphological study of delayed onset muscle soreness","volume":"237","author":"M, Friden J.Sjostrom; B, Ekblom","year":"1981","unstructured":"Friden J. Sjostrom M, Ekblom B. A morphological study of delayed onset muscle soreness. Experientia 1981; 237: 506-7.","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635996","article-title":"Sublethal muscle fibre injuries after high-tension anaerobic exercise","volume":"57","author":"Friden, J.; Seger, J.; Ekblom, B.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Friden J, Seger J, Ekblom B. Sublethal muscle fibre injuries after high-tension anaerobic exercise. Eur I Appl Physiol 1988; 57: 360-68.","journal-title":"Eur I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00214240","article-title":"Changes in human skeletal muscle induced by long term eccentric exercise","volume":"236","author":"Friden, J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Friden J. Changes in human skeletal muscle induced by long term eccentric exercise. Cell Tissue Research 1984; 236: 365-72.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Research"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198603050-00006","article-title":"Muscle damage and endurance events","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong, R.B.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Armstrong RB. Muscle damage and endurance events. Sports Med 1986; 3: 370-81.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213020-00006","article-title":"Exercise, muscle damage and fatigue","volume":"13","author":"Appell, H.J.; Soares, J.M.; Duarte, J.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Appell HJ, Soares JM, Duarte JA. Exercise, muscle damage and fatigue. Sports Med 1992; 13: 108-15.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199112030-00004","article-title":"Mechanisms of exercise induced muscle fibre injury","volume":"12","author":"Armstrong, R.B.; Warren, G.L.; Warren, J.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Armstrong RB, Warren GL, Warren JA. Mechanisms of exercise induced muscle fibre injury. Sports Med 1991; 12: 184-207.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"512","article-title":"Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation","volume":"24","author":"Clarkson, P.M.; Nosaka, K.; Braun, B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 512-20.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.1.1","article-title":"Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair and adaptation in humans","volume":"65","author":"Clarkson, P.M.; Tremblay, I.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Clarkson PM, Tremblay I. Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair and adaptation in humans. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 1-6.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00424814","article-title":"Human muscle function following prolonged eccentric exercise","volume":"56","author":"Sargeant, A.J.; Dolan, P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sargeant AJ, Dolan P. Human muscle function following prolonged eccentric exercise. Eur I Appl Physiol 1987; 56: 704-11.","journal-title":"Eur I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"135","article-title":"Delayed-onset musde soreness, strength loss characteristics and creatine kinase activity following uphill and downhill running","volume":"12","author":"Eston, R.G.; Critchley, N.; Baltzopoulos, V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eston RG, Critchley N, Baltzopoulos V. Delayed-onset musde soreness, strength loss characteristics and creatine kinase activity following uphill and downhill running. I Sports Sci 1994; 12: 135.","journal-title":"I Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1982.242.1.C65","article-title":"Kim DHK Witzmann FA. Muscle fatigue with prolonged exercise: contractile and biochemical alterations","volume":"242","author":"Fitts, R.H.; Courtwright, J.B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fitts RH, Courtwright JB, Kim DHK Witzmann FA. Muscle fatigue with prolonged exercise: contractile and biochemical alterations. Am I Physiol 1982; 242: C65-73.","journal-title":"Am I Physiol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.5.2072","article-title":"Altered sarcoplasmic reticulum function after high intensity exercise","volume":"67","author":"Byrd, S.K.; McCutcheon, L.J.; Hodgson, D.R.; Gollnick, P.D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Byrd SK, McCutcheon LJ, Hodgson DR, Gollnick PD. Altered sarcoplasmic reticulum function after high intensity exercise. I Appl Physiol 1989; 67: 2072-77.","journal-title":"I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"158","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle in Health and Disease: A textbook of muscle physiology","author":"Jones, D.A.; Round, J.M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jones DA, Round JM. Skeletal Muscle in Health and Disease: A textbook of muscle physiology. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 1990; 158-74."},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Muscle soreness and strength loss changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise","author":"Finney, S.; Eston, R.G.; Baltzopoulos, V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Finney S, Eston RG, Baltzopoulos V. Muscle soreness and strength loss changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 1994; (in press).","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"553","article-title":"Muscle fatigue and pain after eccentric contractions at long and short length","volume":"4","author":"Newham, D.J.; Jones, D.A.; Ghosh, G.; Aurora, P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Newham DJ, Jones DA, Ghosh G, Aurora P. Muscle fatigue and pain after eccentric contractions at long and short length. Clinical Science 1988; T4: 553-7.","journal-title":"Clinical Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017624","article-title":"Mechanical influences on long-standing human muscle fatigue and delayed-onset pain","volume":"412","author":"Jones, D.A.; Newham, D.J.; Torgan, C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jones DA, Newham DJ, Torgan C. Mechanical influences on long-standing human muscle fatigue and delayed-onset pain. J Physiol 1989; 412: 415-27.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.26.4.267","article-title":"Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise","volume":"26","author":"Cleak, M.J.; Eston, R.G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cleak MJ, Eston RG. Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26: 267-72.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measurement of severity and distribution of experimental muscle tenderness","volume":"317","author":"Edwards, R.H.T.; Newham, Mills K.R.; D.J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Edwards RHT, Mills KR. Newham DJ. Measurement of severity and distribution of experimental muscle tenderness. J Physiol 1981; 317: 1-2P.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0640055","article-title":"Pain and fatigue after concentric and eccentric muscle contractions","volume":"64","author":"Newham, D.J.; Mills, K.R.; Quigley, B.M.; Edwards, R.H.T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Newham DJ, Mills KR, Quigley BM, Edwards RHT. Pain and fatigue after concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. Clin Sci 1983; 64: 55-62.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070120","article-title":"Blood indices of muscle injury associated with eccentric muscle contractions","volume":"7","author":"Friden, J.; Sfakianos, P.N.; Hargens, A.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Friden J, Sfakianos PN, Hargens AR. Blood indices of muscle injury associated with eccentric muscle contractions. J Orthop Res 1989; 7: 142-45.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"435","article-title":"Experimental human muscle damage: morphological changes in relation to other indices of damage","volume":"375","author":"Jones, D.A.; Newham, D.J.; Round, J.M.; Tolfree, S.E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jones DA, Newham DJ, Round JM, Tolfree SE. Experimental human muscle damage: morphological changes in relation to other indices of damage. I Physiol. 1986; 375: 435-48.","journal-title":"I Physiol"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"59","volume":"9","author":"Muscle-Nerve","year":"1986","unstructured":"Muscle-Nerve 1986; 9: 59-63."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.5.1864","article-title":"Metabolic changes following eccentric exercise in trained and untrained men","volume":"61","author":"Evans, W.J.; Meredith, C.N.; Cannon, J.G.; Dinarello, C.A.; Frontera, W.R.; Hughes, V.A.; Jones, B.H.; Knuttgen, H.G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Evans WJ, Meredith CN, Cannon JG, Dinarello CA, Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Jones BH, Knuttgen HG. Metabolic changes following eccentric exercise in trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 1864-68.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.4.1381","article-title":"Repeated high-force eccentric exercise: effects on muscle pain and damage","volume":"63","author":"Newham, D.J.; Jones, D.A.; Clarkson, P.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Newham DJ, Jones DA, Clarkson PM. Repeated high-force eccentric exercise: effects on muscle pain and damage. I Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 1381-86.","journal-title":"I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.1.46","article-title":"Impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis after eccentric exercise","volume":"69","author":"Costill, D.L.; Pascoe, D.D.; Fink, W.J.; Robergs, R.A.; Barr, S.I.; Pearson, D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Costill DL, Pascoe DD, Fink WJ, Robergs RA, Barr SI, Pearson D. Impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: 46-50.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.3.710","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness after repeated bouts of downhill running","volume":"59","author":"Byrnes, W.C.; Clarkson, P.M.; White, J.S.; Hsieh, S.S.; Frykman, P.N.; Maughan, R.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Byrnes WC, Clarkson PM, White JS, Hsieh SS, Frykman PN, Maughan RJ. Delayed onset muscle soreness after repeated bouts of downhill running. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 710-15.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"584","article-title":"Effects of training on delayed muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity after running","volume":"19","author":"Schwane, J.A.; Williams, J.S.; Sloan, J.H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schwane JA, Williams JS, Sloan JH. Effects of training on delayed muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity after running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: 584-90.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"51","article-title":"Delayed-onset muscle soreness and plasma CPK and LDH activities after downhill running","volume":"15","author":"Schwane, J.A.; Johnson, SR, Vandenakker; CB, Armstrong; R.B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schwane JA, Johnson SR, Vandenakker CB, Armstrong RB. Delayed-onset muscle soreness and plasma CPK and LDH activities after downhill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15: 51-6.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"310","article-title":"PR An explanation of the upward drift in oxygen uptake during prolonged sub-maximal downhill running","volume":"19","author":"Dick, R.W.; Cavanagh","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dick RW, Cavanagh PR An explanation of the upward drift in oxygen uptake during prolonged sub-maximal downhill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987, 19: 310-17.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00424808","article-title":"Effects of downhill or uphill training prior to the downhill run","volume":"56","author":"Pierrynowski, M.R.; Tudus, P.M.; Plyley, M.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pierrynowski MR, Tudus PM, Plyley MJ. Effects of downhill or uphill training prior to the downhill run. Eur J Appl Physiol 1987; 56: 668-72.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.2.796","article-title":"A comparison of the oxygen drift in downhill vs. level running","volume":"72","author":"Westerlind, K.C.; Byrnes, W.C.; Mazzeo, R.S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Westerlind KC, Byrnes WC, Mazzeo RS. A comparison of the oxygen drift in downhill vs. level running. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 796-800.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2894092","article-title":"Running on an incline","volume":"114","author":"Iverson, JR, McMahon; T.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Iverson JR, McMahon TA. Running on an incline. J Biomech Eng 1992; 114: 435-41.","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137208924444","article-title":"ER Effect of eccentric and concentric muscle conditioning on tension and electrical activity of human musde","volume":"15","author":"Komi, P.V.; Buskirk","year":"1972","unstructured":"Komi PV, Buskirk ER Effect of eccentric and concentric muscle conditioning on tension and electrical activity of human musde. Ergonomics 1972; 15: 417-34.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.3.969","article-title":"Effect of training on skeletal muscle injury from downhill running in rats","volume":"55","author":"Schwane, J.A.; Armstrong, R.B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schwane JA, Armstrong RB. Effect of training on skeletal muscle injury from downhill running in rats. I Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 969-75.","journal-title":"I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1026031","article-title":"Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected to prolonged eccentric training","volume":"4","author":"Friden, J.; Seger, J.; Sjostrom, M.; Ekblom, B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Friden J, Seger J, Sjostrom M, Ekblom B. Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected to prolonged eccentric training. Int J Sports Med 1983; 4: 177-83.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"76","article-title":"The effect of training on human muscle pain and muscle damage","volume":"365","author":"Jones, D.A.; Newham, D.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jones DA, Newham DJ. The effect of training on human muscle pain and muscle damage. J Physiol. 1985; 365: 76P.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31113-3","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness and training","volume":"5","author":"Byrnes, W.C.; Clarkson, P.M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Byrnes WC, Clarkson PM. Delayed onset muscle soreness and training. Clin Sports Med 1986; 5: 605-14.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0730383","article-title":"Adaptation to exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"73","author":"Clarkson, P.M.; Byrnes, W.C.; Gillison, E.; Harper, E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Clarkson PM, Byrnes WC, Gillison E, Harper E. Adaptation to exercise-induced muscle damage. Clin Sci 1987; 73: 383-86.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"75","article-title":"The protective effect of a prior bout of downhill running on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)","volume":"20","author":"Miller, G.; Wilcox, A.; Schwenkel, J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller G, Wilcox A, Schwenkel J. The protective effect of a prior bout of downhill running on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: S75.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_42","article-title":"DR Muscie soreness after exercise: effects of early training with concentric contraction","author":"Sforzo, G.A.; Lamb","unstructured":"Sforzo GA, Lamb DR Muscie soreness after exercise: effects of early training with concentric contraction. In: Dotson CO, Humphrey JH, eds. Exercise Physiology: current selected research."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"171","year":"1985","unstructured":"New York, USA: AMS Press, 1985; 171-79."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572181","article-title":"Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise","volume":"60","author":"Ebbeling, C.B.; Clarkson, P.M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ebbeling CB, Clarkson PM. Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise. Euro I Appl Physiol 1990; 60: 26-31.","journal-title":"Euro I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.5.1203","article-title":"Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats","volume":"41","author":"Walmsley, B.; Hudgson, J.A.; Burke, R.E.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Walmsley B, Hudgson JA, Burke RE. Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats. J Neurophysiol 1978; 41: 1203-16.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199010000-00019","article-title":"PR Stance phase knee and ankle kinematics and kinetics during level and downhill running","volume":"22","author":"Buczec, F.L.; Cavanagh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Buczec FL, Cavanagh PR Stance phase knee and ankle kinematics and kinetics during level and downhill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 669-77.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_47","article-title":"PR Saggital plane kinematics of the lower extremity during distance running","volume-title":"Biomechanics of Distance Running","author":"Milliron, M.J.; Cavanagh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Milliron MJ, Cavanagh PR Saggital plane kinematics of the lower extremity during distance running. In: Cavanagh PR (ed) Biomechanics of Distance Running, Champaign, IL USA: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1990."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.520","article-title":"Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active strain","volume":"74","author":"Leiber, R.L.; Frid~n, J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leiber RL, Frid~n J. Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active strain. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 520-26.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"Normal and Abnormal Functions of the Foot. Clinical Biomechanics Vol 2","author":"Root, M.L.; Orien, W.P.; Weed, J.H.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Root ML, Orien WP, Weed JH. Normal and Abnormal Functions of the Foot. Clinical Biomechanics Vol 2. Los Angeles, USA: Clinical Biomechanics Corporation, 1977."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90050-7","article-title":"Moments of force and mechanical power in jogging","volume":"16","author":"Winter, D.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Winter DA. Moments of force and mechanical power in jogging. J Biomech 1983; 16: 91-7.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"12","article-title":"PR A comparison of ground reaction forces (GRF) during level and downhill running at similar speeds","volume":"19","author":"Dick, R.W.; Cavanagh","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dick RW, Cavanagh PR A comparison of ground reaction forces (GRF) during level and downhill running at similar speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: S12.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.6.2175","article-title":"Muscle soreness and intramuscular fluid pressure: comparison between eccentric and concentric load","volume":"61","author":"Frid~n, J.; Sfakianos, P.N.; Hargens, A.R.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frid~n J, Sfakianos PN, Hargens AR Muscle soreness and intramuscular fluid pressure: comparison between eccentric and concentric load. I Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 2175-79.","journal-title":"I Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1042\/cs069027P","article-title":"Intra-muscular pressure in the painful human biceps","volume":"69","author":"Newham, D.J.; Jones, D.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Newham DJ, Jones DA. Intra-muscular pressure in the painful human biceps. Clin Sci 1985; 69: (Suppl): 27.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198907050-00004","article-title":"Chronic exercise-induced pain in the anterior aspect of the lower leg. An overview of diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Styf, J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Styf J. Chronic exercise-induced pain in the anterior aspect of the lower leg. An overview of diagnosis. Sports Med 1989; 7: 331-39.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_55","article-title":"Sp Med","volume":"29","author":"Br, J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Br J Sp Med 1995; 29(2)"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.29.2.89","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T02:37:43Z","timestamp":1715654263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.29.2.89"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.29.2.89"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.29.2.89","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]}}}