{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T22:55:54Z","timestamp":1789944954259,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: To assess prospectively the incidence, nature, and severity of injuries to polo riders competing in the 1996 Argentine High Polo season. METHODS: Assessment, documentation, and provision of care for all injuries sustained during the 1996 season by one of the authors. Riders were also surveyed retrospectively for their previous polo injuries. RESULTS: 34 riders took part in the study. Nine injuries were sustained prospectively and 55 injuries were reviewed retrospectively (64 total). The injuries were categorised as minor (10), moderate (13), and major (41). Twenty five (39%) injuries occurred in the arms, 20 (31%) in the legs, 12 (19%) in the head, 3 (5%) in the back, and 4 (6%) in the face. A fracture occurred in 25 (39%) injuries as most resulted from a fall from the horse. Additionally, facial lacerations occurred prospectively in five riders but did not result in missed play. An overall injury rate of 7.8\/1000 player-game hours was calculated. CONCLUSIONS: Although many sports have injury rates much greater than 8\/1000 player-game hours, the severity of most injuries occurring in polo was classified as major, with fractures and facial lacerations common. The use of a helmet with a face protector is recommended to decrease injury to players. A doctor experienced in the management of serious trauma should be present at all polo matches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.33.5.329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T23:10:53Z","timestamp":1230765053000},"page":"329-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Injuries to polo riders: a prospective evaluation."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Costa-Paz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Aponte-Tinao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D L","family":"Muscolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Polo and ponies","author":"Hobson, R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hobson R. Polo and ponies. London: JA Allen 1976:4\u201347."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"134","article-title":"Equestrian sports and recreation","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the horse","author":"MacGregor-Morris, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"MacGregor-Morris P. Equestrian sports and recreation. In: Edwards EH, ed. Encyclopedia of the horse. Avenel, New York: Crescent Books, 1991:134\u20137."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"141","article-title":"Argentina: polo y golf. Buenos Aires","author":"Bazan, C.; Bazan, B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bazan C, Bazan B. Argentina: polo y golf. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Delfos, 1994:141\u201350."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"57","article-title":"Incidence and nature of horse riding injuries. A one year prospective study","volume":"142","author":"Gierup, J.; Larsson, M.; Lennquist, S.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gierup J, Larsson M, Lennquist S. Incidence and nature of horse riding injuries. A one year prospective study. Acta Chir Scand 1976;142:57\u201361.","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"315","article-title":"Sports specific injuries","author":"In, Lester-Firth J.Equestrian","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lester-Firth J. Equestrian. In: Fu FH, Stone DA, eds. Sports specific injuries. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995: 315\u201331."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600415","article-title":"Incidence, nature, and causes of ice hockey injuries","volume":"16","author":"Lorentzon, R.; Wedren, H.; Pietila, T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lorentzon R, Wedren H, Pietila T. Incidence, nature, and causes of ice hockey injuries. Am J Sports Med 1988;16: 392\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100510","article-title":"Injuries in professional rugby league. A three year prospective study of the South Sydney professional rugby league football club","volume":"21","author":"Gibbs, N.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gibbs N. Injuries in professional rugby league. A three year prospective study of the South Sydney professional rugby league football club. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:696\u2013700.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"105","article-title":"Injuries in professional rodeo: an update","volume":"15","author":"GriYn, R.; Peterson, K.D.; Halseth, JR","year":"1987","unstructured":"GriYn R, Peterson KD, Halseth JR, et al. Injuries in professional rodeo: an update. The Physician and Sports Medicine 1987;15:105\u201315.","journal-title":"The Physician and Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800114","article-title":"Injuries in intercollegiate rodeo athletes","volume":"18","author":"Meyers, M.C.; Elledge, JR, Sterling; J.C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Meyers MC, Elledge JR, Sterling JC, et al. Injuries in intercollegiate rodeo athletes. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:87\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(94)90690-4","article-title":"Equestrian injuries: a five-year review","volume":"12","author":"Hobbs, G.D.; Yealy, D.M.; Rivas, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hobbs GD, Yealy DM, Rivas J. Equestrian injuries: a five-year review. J Emerg Med 1994;12:143\u20135.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"611","article-title":"Equestrian injuries in children and young adults","volume":"146","author":"Nelson, D.E.; Bixby-Hammett, D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nelson DE, Bixby-Hammett D. Equestrian injuries in children and young adults. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:611\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.31.3.249","article-title":"Major pelvic injuries in equestrian sports","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Farrel, D.A.; Irshad, F.; Thorns, B.S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"O\u2019Farrel DA, Irshad F, Thorns BS, et al. Major pelvic injuries in equestrian sports. Br J Sports Med 1997;31:249\u201351.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199009010-00004","article-title":"Common injuries in horseback riding. A review","volume":"9","author":"Hammett, D.B.; Brooks, W.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hammett DB, Brooks WH. Common injuries in horseback riding. A review. Sports Med 1990;9:36\u201347.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.4.487","article-title":"Pediatric equestrian injuries: assessing the impact of helmet use","volume":"95","author":"Bond, G.R.; Christoph, R.A.; Rodgers, B.M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bond GR, Christoph RA, Rodgers BM. Pediatric equestrian injuries: assessing the impact of helmet use. Pediatrics 1995;95:487\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.21.1.22","article-title":"Riding and other equestrian injuries: considerable severity","volume":"21","author":"Lloyd, R.G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lloyd RG. Riding and other equestrian injuries: considerable severity. Br J Sports Med 1987;21:22\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.33.5.329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T07:20:22Z","timestamp":1715671222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsm.33.5.329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsm.33.5.329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.33.5.329","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}}}