{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:59:08Z","timestamp":1790355548267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alpine skiing and snowboarding have a substantial risk of injuries, but precise risk factor estimates are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the risk factors among skiers and snowboarders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ski patrols reported cases (N=3277) in eight major Norwegian alpine resorts. Injury type and risk factors (age, gender, nationality, skill level, equipment, helmet use, ski school attendance, rented or own equipment) were recorded. An uninjured control group (N=2992) was obtained at the same resorts. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between individual risk factors and risk of injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall injury risk was increased among beginners (OR 2.72; 2.12 to 3.47), children (OR 1.72; 1.41 to 2.13), adolescents (OR 2.16; 1.72 to 2.66) and non-Nordic skiers (OR 1.80; 1.37 to 2.36). Snowboarders had a higher overall injury risk than skiers (OR 2.11; 1.81 to 2.46). Alpine skiers (OR 2.65; 1.47 to 4.80), beginners (OR 2.50; 1.61 to 3.85), children (OR 11.1; 6.7 to 20.0) and adolescents (OR 4.17; 2.44 to 7.14) were prone to lower leg fractures. Knee injuries occurred more frequently among alpine skiers (OR 1.82; 1.39 to 2.38), females (OR 1.67; 1.38 to 2.03) and beginners (OR 3.13; 2.50 to 3.85). Males (OR 1.85; 1.45 to 2.38), telemark skiers (OR 1.70; 1.30 to 2.23), children (OR 2.22; 1.37 to 3.57) and adults (OR 1.64; 1.11 to 2.37) had an increased risk for shoulder injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Snowboarders, beginners, children and adolescents had an increased injury risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]],"date-time":"2011-11-16T15:02:49Z","timestamp":1321455769000},"page":"1303-1309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Risk factors for injuries in alpine skiing, telemark skiing and snowboarding \u2013 case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Steinar","family":"Sulheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingar","family":"Holme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"R\u00f8dven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Ekeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roald","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1520\/STP47461S","article-title":"Update on injury trends in alpine skiing","volume-title":"Skiing Trauma and Safety","volume":"14th Vol","author":"Johnson","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199927060-00003"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.3","first-page":"97","article-title":"Injuries in alpine skiers, Telemarkers and snowboarders at Norwegian ski resorts","volume-title":"Skiing, Trauma and Safety","volume":"14th","author":"Ekeland","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199906000-00017"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052537","article-title":"Head injuries in skiers and snowboarders in British Columbia","volume":"28","author":"Hentschel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317269111"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.2.135"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670100229"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B1.8136"},{"key":"2024051401465332000_45.16.1303.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver BC Allman FL . 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