{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:40:39Z","timestamp":1790520039652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There have been few in-depth studies of upper limb injury epidemiology in rugby union football, despite reports that they accounted for between 14% and 28% of all rugby injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report on upper limb injury incidence, injury severity and to identify the risk factors associated with upper limb injuries, for example, level of play, season (years) and playing position.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study across five rugby seasons from 2004 to 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Formal rugby competitions\u2014suburban, provincial and international.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>1475 adult male rugby players in Colts, Grade and Elite competitions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>An upper limb injury resulting in a missed game and its characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 61\u2005598 athletic exposures (AE) and 606 upper limb injuries were recorded. About 66% of the injuries were to the shoulder. The overall upper limb injury incidence rate (IIR) was 9.84 injuries\/1000 AE (95% CI 9.06 to 10.62). Statistically significant associations were found between upper limb injuries and level of play; and between shoulder injuries and playing position (p&lt;0.05). No association was found between upper limb and shoulder injuries and study year. The overall upper limb IIR decreased as the level of play increased; 10.74 upper limb injuries\/1000 AE (95% CI 9.93 to 11.56) in Colts to 6.07 upper limb injuries\/1000 AE (95% CI 5.46 to 6.69) in Elite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The upper limb IIR decreased as the level of play increased indicating that age, level of skill and playing experience may be risk factors for upper limb injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,18]],"date-time":"2012-08-18T01:10:32Z","timestamp":1345252232000},"page":"374-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Upper limb injury in rugby union football: results of a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Stuart","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.1","first-page":"559","article-title":"A prospective study of the incidence and nature of injuries to adult rugby players","volume":"77","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.28.4.229"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.3","first-page":"45","article-title":"A high rate of injury during the 1995 Rugby World Cup","volume":"88","author":"Jakoet","year":"1998","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.2.94"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.4.265"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.016402"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018135"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047035"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2009.05.001"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.5.348"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.074021"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.4.319"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013391"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80261-5"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018408"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000085394","article-title":"Rugby injuries","volume":"49","author":"McIntosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci (Basel Karger)"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.035881"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507300691"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.3.157"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c07b5b"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.21","first-page":"84","article-title":"A prospective survey of injuries in a New Zealand schoolboy rugby population","volume":"28","author":"Durie","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Z J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033282"},{"key":"2024051402052461000_47.6.374.23","unstructured":"PASW Statistics 18. 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