{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:50:51Z","timestamp":1789469451844,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several treatments are available to treat epicondylitis. Among these are instrumental electrophysical modalities, ranging from ultrasound, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to laser therapy, commonly used to treat epicondylitis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To present an evidence-based overview of the effectiveness of electrophysical modality treatments for both medial and lateral epicondylitis (LE).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Searches in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Pedro were performed to identify relevant randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality. A best-evidence synthesis was used to summarise the results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 2 reviews and 20 RCTs were included, all of which concerned LE. Different electrophysical regimes were evaluated: ultrasound, laser, electrotherapy, ESWT, TENS and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. Moderate evidence was found for the effectiveness of ultrasound versus placebo on mid-term follow-up. Ultrasound plus friction massage showed moderate evidence of effectiveness versus laser therapy on short-term follow-up. On the contrary, moderate evidence was found in favour of laser therapy over plyometric exercises on short-term follow-up. For all other modalities only limited\/conflicting evidence for effectiveness or evidence of no difference in effect was found.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Potential effectiveness of ultrasound and laser for the management of LE was found. To draw more definite conclusions high-quality RCTs examining different intensities are needed as well as studies focusing on long-term follow-up results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,18]],"date-time":"2013-01-18T23:42:30Z","timestamp":1358552550000},"page":"957-965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Evidence for the effectiveness of electrophysical modalities for treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Rudi","family":"Dingemanse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Randsdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart W","family":"Koes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bionka M A","family":"Huisstede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.1","unstructured":"Buchbinder R Green SE Struijs P . Tennis elbow. Clin Evid (Online) 2008;2008:1117. PubMed PMID: 19450309.eng."},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.2","first-page":"464","article-title":"The prevalence of humeral epicondylitis: a survey in general practice","volume":"36","author":"Hamilton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.3.172"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.64"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep013"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.04.011"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.7","first-page":"105","article-title":"Stimulation of tissue repair by ultrasound: a survey of the mechanisms involved","volume":"64","author":"Dyson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2340\/165019911991115118","article-title":"Pulsed ultrasound treatment in lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"23","author":"Haker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-007-0379-9"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-156"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2007.09.003"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318160a8b4"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.023861"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b1c99f"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200306150-00014"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890310004138"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchbinder R Green SE Youd JM . Shock wave therapy for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 (4):CD003524.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003524.pub2"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.18","first-page":"984","article-title":"Lateral epicondylalgia: report of noneffective midlaser treatment","volume":"72","author":"Haker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.19","first-page":"99","article-title":"A comparative study of continuous ultrasound, placebo ultrasound and rest in epicondylalgia","volume":"20","author":"Lundeberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei210"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6467.512"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.22","first-page":"93","article-title":"The evaluation of phonphoresis and friction massage as treatments for extensor carpi radialis tendinitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Stratford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiother Can"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.23","first-page":"195","article-title":"The effect of acupuncture versus ultrasound on pain level, grip strength and disability in individuals with lateral epicondylitis: a pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Davidson","year":"2001","journal-title":"."},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.24","first-page":"211","article-title":"A randomized, prospective pilot study comparing chiropractic care and ultrasound for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis","volume":"50","author":"Langen-Pieters","year":"2003","journal-title":"EJC"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)66275-X"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977923742","article-title":"Low level laser versus placebo in the treatment of tennis elbow","volume":"24","author":"Vasseljen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2007.2041"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91078-W"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749409103726"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2006.2047"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.17812"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2340\/165019778719135138","article-title":"Effect of laser versus placebo in tennis elbow","volume":"19","author":"Lundeberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.33","first-page":"6","article-title":"Laserbehandling av epicondylitis humerie og rotatorcuffsyndrom","volume":"2","author":"Gudmundsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nor Tidskr Idrettsmed"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ht.2009.009008"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507088447"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0247-9"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.37","first-page":"333","article-title":"Chronic lateral humeral epicondylitis\u2014a double-blind controlled assessment of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy","volume":"3","author":"Devereaux","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.38","first-page":"330","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic field treatment of chronic lateral humeral epicondylitis","volume":"6","author":"Chard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237205000354"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640050021"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-1939-y"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262806"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-001-0362-7"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.C.01356"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(03)80048-3"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00013-X"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.47","first-page":"2038","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)","volume":"35","author":"Staples","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.48","first-page":"17","article-title":"Radial shock wave therapy for lateral epicondylitis: a prospective randomised controlled single-blind study","volume":"41","author":"Spacca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0b013e31820d830e"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B6.13909","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock-wave treatment for tennis elbow. A randomised double-blind study","volume":"85","author":"Melikyan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.51","unstructured":"Levitt R . Shockwave therapy for chronic lateral epicondylitis\u2014an FDA study. Paper Presented at AOSSM Specialty Day, AAOS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13 March 2004."},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000179137.69598.7e"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B5.12741"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503261697"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199928050-00006"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.56","unstructured":"Bisset L Coombes B Vicenzino B . Tennis elbow. Clin Evid (Online) 2011;2011. PubMed PMID: 21708051. Epub 2011\/06\/29. eng."},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huisstede BM Gebremariam L van der Sande R . Evidence for effectiveness of Extracorporal Shock-Wave Therapy (ESWT) to treat calcific and non-calcific rotator cuff tendinosis\u2014a systematic review. Manual Therapy 16:419\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2011.02.005"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-75"},{"key":"2025080115222022000_48.12.957.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036723"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T22:22:32Z","timestamp":1754086952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,18]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091513","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,18]]}}}