{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T05:47:23Z","timestamp":1794548843175,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine with a parallel group study design the performance and physiological responses to a 14-day off-season \u2018live high-train low in the heat\u2019 training camp in elite football players.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen professional Australian Rules Football players participated in outdoor football-specific skills (32\u00b11\u00b0C, 11.5\u2005h) and indoor strength (23\u00b11\u00b0C, 9.3\u2005h) sessions and slept (12 nights) and cycled indoors (4.3\u2005h) in either normal air (NORM, n=8) or normobaric hypoxia (14\u00b11\u2005h\/day, FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>15.2\u201314.3%, corresponding to a simulated altitude of 2500\u20133000\u2005m, hypoxic (HYP), n=9). They completed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (Yo-YoIR2) in temperate conditions (23\u00b11\u00b0C, normal air) precamp (Pre) and postcamp (Post). Plasma volume (PV) and haemoglobin mass (Hb<jats:sub>mass<\/jats:sub>) were measured at similar times and 4\u2005weeks postcamp (4WPost). Sweat sodium concentration ((Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>)<jats:sub>sweat<\/jats:sub>) was measured Pre and Post during a heat-response test (44\u00b0C).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both groups showed very large improvements in Yo-YoIR2 at Post (+44%; 90% CL 38, 50), with no between-group differences in the changes (\u22121%; \u22129, 9). Postcamp, large changes in PV (+5.6%; \u22121.8, 5.6) and (Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>)<jats:sub>sweat<\/jats:sub>(\u221229%; \u221237, \u221219) were observed in both groups, while Hb<jats:sub>mass<\/jats:sub>only moderately increased in HYP (+2.6%; 0.5, 4.5). At 4WPost, there was a likely slightly greater increase in Hb<jats:sub>mass<\/jats:sub>(+4.6%; 0.0, 9.3) and PV (+6%; \u22125, 18, unclear) in HYP than in NORM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of heat and hypoxic exposure during sleep\/training might offer a promising \u2018conditioning cocktail\u2019 in team sports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T14:18:27Z","timestamp":1385475507000},"page":"i59-i69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Adding heat to the live-high train-low altitude model: a practical insight from professional football"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Buchheit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Racinais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Bilsborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Mendez-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P C","family":"Bourdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"P\u00e9riard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Cordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Coutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2165\/11531400-000000000-00000","article-title":"Match analysis and the physiological demands of Australian football","volume":"4","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2165\/11539740-000000000-00000","article-title":"Physiology of small-sided games training in football: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Hill-Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gore CJ McSharry PE Hewitt AJ . Preparation for football competition at moderate to high altitude. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008:85\u201395.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00836.x"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grantham J Cheung SS Connes P . Current knowledge on playing football in hot environments. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010:161\u20137.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01216.x"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.102","article-title":"\u2018Living high-training low\u2019: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance","volume":"1","author":"Levine","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/11317920-000000000-00000","article-title":"Combining hypoxic methods for peak performance","volume":"1","author":"Millet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.7","first-page":"e477","article-title":"Physiological and performance adaptations to an in-season soccer camp in the heat: associations with heart rate and heart rate variability","volume":"6","author":"Buchheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091227"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-923958","article-title":"The effect of 8 days of training in tropical environment on performance in neutral climate in swimmers","volume":"1","author":"Hue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.034207","article-title":"A heat acclimation protocol for team sports","volume":"5","author":"Sunderland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00495.2010","article-title":"Heat acclimation improves exercise performance","volume":"4","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.4.391","article-title":"Physiological and performance responses to a pre-season altitude training camp in elite team sport athletes","volume":"8","author":"McLean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180de49e6","article-title":"Application of altitude\/hypoxic training by elite athletes","volume":"9","author":"Wilber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056522","article-title":"Significant molecular and systemic adaptations after repeated sprint training in hypoxia","volume":"2","author":"Faiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1951.sp004672","article-title":"Assessment of group acclimatization to heat and humidity","volume":"3","author":"Ladell","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.40.5.786","article-title":"Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: body fluid adjustments","volume":"5","author":"Senay","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1139\/h99-006","article-title":"Haemoglobin, blood volume, cardiac function, and aerobic power","volume":"1","author":"Gledhill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0089-1","article-title":"Living high-training low: effect on erythropoiesis and aerobic performance in highly-trained swimmers","volume":"4","author":"Robach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262293","article-title":"Enhancing team-sport athlete performance: is altitude training relevant","volume":"9","author":"Billaut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091231","article-title":"Does \u2018altitude training\u2019 increase exercise performance in elite athletes","volume":"11","author":"Lundby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01457.x","article-title":"Is live high-train low altitude training relevant for elite athletes with already high total hemoglobin mass","volume":"3","author":"Robach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.4.366","article-title":"Ten hours nightly simulated altitude at 3000 m increases hemoglobin mass and VO2max","volume":"8","author":"Neya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838010-00004","article-title":"The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: a useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports","volume":"1","author":"Bangsbo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchheit M Mendez-Villanueva A Quod M . Determinants of the variability of heart rate measures during a competitive period in young soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010:869\u201378.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1422-x"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000128199.23901.2F","article-title":"Use of RPE-based training load in soccer","volume":"6","author":"Impellizzeri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0050-3","article-title":"The optimised CO-rebreathing method: a new tool to determine total haemoglobin mass routinely","volume":"5\u20136","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"1","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421327","article-title":"Effects of heat acclimation of distance runners in a moderately hot environment","volume":"2\u20133","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181820942","article-title":"Total hemoglobin mass\u2014a new parameter to detect blood doping","volume":"12","author":"Prommer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1349-2","article-title":"Seasonal variation of haemoglobin mass in internationally competitive female road cyclists","volume":"2","author":"Garvican","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1027-4","article-title":"Time course of haemoglobin mass during 21 days live high:train low simulated altitude","volume":"3","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01145.x","article-title":"Time course of the hemoglobin mass response to natural altitude training in elite endurance cyclists","volume":"1","author":"Garvican","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1732-z","article-title":"The contribution of haemoglobin mass to increases in cycling performance induced by simulated LHTL","volume":"6","author":"Garvican","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180de49bd","article-title":"Effect of hypoxic \u2018dose\u2019 on physiological responses and sea-level performance","volume":"9","author":"Wilber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0240-7","article-title":"Living high-training low: effect on erythropoiesis and maximal aerobic performance in elite Nordic skiers","volume":"6","author":"Robach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824d2eeb"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815aa2ee","article-title":"Supramaximal training and post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation in adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Buchheit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199803000-00019","article-title":"Strength and endurance of elite soccer players","volume":"3","author":"Wisloff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091078","article-title":"The role of haemoglobin mass on VO(2)max following normobaric \u2018live high-train low\u2019 in endurance-trained athletes","volume":"11","author":"Robach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00388.2011","article-title":"\u2018Live high-train low\u2019 using normobaric hypoxia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study","volume":"1","author":"Siebenmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.4.521","article-title":"An attempt to quantify the placebo effect from a three-week simulated altitude training camp in elite race walkers","volume":"4","author":"Saunders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400005933","article-title":"Altitude and endurance training","volume":"10","author":"Rusko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181b34b57","article-title":"Reproducibility of performance changes to simulated live high\/train low altitude","volume":"2","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00808.2005","article-title":"Eighteen days of \u2018living high, training low\u2019 stimulate erythropoiesis and enhance aerobic performance in elite middle-distance runners","volume":"1","author":"Brugniaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-9796(03)00153-0","article-title":"Search for genetic determinants of individual variability of the erythropoietin response to high altitude","volume":"2","author":"Jedlickova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2165\/11587320-000000000-00000","article-title":"Induction and decay of short-term heat acclimation in moderately and highly trained athletes","volume":"9","author":"Garrett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180de49d3","article-title":"Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure","volume":"9","author":"Gore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024051404360477000_47.Suppl_1.i59.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181fef3d3","article-title":"Effect of training intensity distribution on aerobic fitness variables in elite soccer players: a case study","volume":"1","author":"Castagna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T12:32:33Z","timestamp":1715689953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092559","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]}}}